scholarly journals VI. The chromaffine system of annelids and the relation of this system to the contractile vascular system in the leech, hirudo medicinalis. - A contribution to the comparative physiology of the contractile vascular system and its regulators, the adrenalin secreting system and the sympathetic nervous system

1914 ◽  
Vol 205 (313-324) ◽  
pp. 153-211 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Suprarenal Glands ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Almost All

The Distribution of the Chromaffine System in the Annelid Kingdom . The possession of a chromaffine system, consisting of cells which take a yellow stain with chrome salts, is a common property of almost all the members of the vertebrate kingdom. The presence of this reaction is coincident with, and probably dependent upon, the secretion by these cells of the substance adrenalin. The investigations of Lewandowski (30), Langley (29), Elliott (11), and others have established that the physiological actions of this latter substance are the same as those which result from the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The latest researches of Elliott (12), Von Anrep (43) and others, have shown in addition that the adjuvant action of adrenalin is essential for the efficient performance of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system. This is supported by pathological considerations, for it has long been recognised that many of the symptoms of Addison’s disease, in which the chief lesion is the destruction of the medullary chromaffine tissue of the suprarenal glands, are those of failure of the sympathetic nervous system. From a physiological standpoint, it is, therefore, necessary that the two systems should co-exist, and a close morphological relationship between them is rendered probable. The researches of Kohn (26) on the embryological origin of the chromaffine system in the mammalia have established that the ganglion cells of the sympathetic system and the cells of the chromaffine system, which are in the embryo widely distributed through the body, arise from a common group of mother cells; Kohn therefore names the chromaffine system the Paraganglion system. These researches are in agreement with the original statement of Balfour (2) that the paired suprarenal bodies of Elasmobranchs, which consist of chromaffine cells, are developed in the sympathetic ganglion masses; Kohn has also made similar investigations in these fishes and confirmed the observations of Balfour.

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Upper and Lower Extremity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Stogicza ◽  
Bartha Peter Tohotom ◽  
Edit Racz ◽  
Andrea Trescot ◽  
Alan Berkman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Early Presentation ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic debilitating pain condition of the extremities; it can affect, less commonly, other areas of the body (face, pelvis, abdomen). Its early presentation—pain disproportionate to the injury, skin temperature changes, hyperalgesia, allodynia—is often not recognized, delaying treatment. In later phases, with sympathetic nervous system involvement, it presents with skin and muscle atrophy, hair loss, allodynia, loss of function, and decreased range of motion. In severe cases, it can spread from one area to the other. Imaging findings (X-ray, MRI, bone scintigraphy) are nonspecific. They are used to support the diagnosis, and to exclude conditions that can present similarly. Treatment is challenging and includes physical therapy, psychologic support, medication management, and minimally invasive interventions to decrease pain, to positively influence the sympathetic nervous system, and to preserve function. A multidisciplinary approach is likely to be the most beneficial.

scholarly journals VII. Development of the sympathetic nervous system mammals

1890 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 159-186 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Hypogastric Plexus ◽  
Rami Communicantes ◽  
Sacral Nerves ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

The Mammalian sympathetic nervous system presented apparently insurmountable obstacles to both anatomists and physiologists till the publication of Gaskell’s Monograph in 1885 (1). Our knowledge of its structure and functions is now, however, placed on a much firmer basis; and it is possible to enter seriously into a consideration of its morphology and development. A. Physiology . The cells composing the ganglia in the main sympathetic chain are shown by Gaskell to be trophic only. They are neither automatic nor reflex in their action, but merely nourish the fibres which pass from them centrally or peripherally. The gray Rami communicantes spring from the ganglia and are distributed as trophic fibres to the roots and trunk of each spinal nerve and their meninges , and the bodies of the vertebræ. In some cases (e.g. fore and hind limbs) the vasomotor fibres reach their destination through these Kami. The white Rami communicantes are only found in two regions. In the Dog between the tenth and twenty-fifth spinal nerves (second dorsal—second lumbar), and in the Kami of the second and third sacral nerves. This corresponds fairly accurately with their distribution in the human subject (2). In both regions they consist of very small medullated fibres ( 1·8 µ to 2·7 µ ). In the anterior region the white Rami pass from the spinal nerves to the ganglia, and there separate into two groups; one set forms vasomotor fibres, which join the ganglia, become connected with the ganglion-cells, and are distributed peripherally as gray fibres, greatly increased in numbers. The other set does not join the ganglia, but, passing over them, forms the nerves distributed in the Splanchnics to the abdominal viscera as viscero-inhibitory fibres. In the Posterior region white Rami arise from the second and third (and in man fourth (2)) sacral nerves which pass over without joining the ganglia; becoming connected with the hypogastric plexus, they are distributed as the Nervi erigentes ( Vaso-inhibitory fibres). They are possibly also viscero-inhibitory .

Thyroid hormone-catecholamine interrelationships during exposure to cold

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Storm ◽  
C. van Hardeveld ◽  
A. A. H. Kassenaar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Abstract. Basal plasma levels for adrenalin (A), noradrenalin (NA), l-triiodothyronine (T3), and l-thyroxine (T4) were determined in rats with a chronically inserted catheter. The experiments described in this report were started 3 days after the surgical procedure when T3 and T4 levels had returned to normal. Basal levels for the catecholamines were reached already 4 h after the operation. The T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 3, 7, and 14 days in rats kept at 4°C and the same holds for the iodide in the 24-h urine after 7 and 14 days at 4°C. The venous NA plasma concentration was increased 6- to 12-fold during the same period of exposure to cold, whereas the A concentration remained at the basal level. During infusion of NA at 23°C the T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 7 days compared to pair-fed controls, and the same holds for the iodide excretion in the 24-h urine. This paper presents further evidence for a role of the sympathetic nervous system on T4 metabolism in rats at resting conditions.

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