scholarly journals XI . A mathematical theory of magnetism.—continuation of part I

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 269-285 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problems ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Resultant Force ◽  
Normal Section ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Do So

65. In the course of some researches upon inverse problems regarding distributions of magnetism, and upon the comparison of electro-magnets and common magnets, I have found it extremely convenient to make use of definite terms to express certain distributions of magnetism and forms of magnetized matter possessing remarkable properties. The use of such terms will be of still greater consequence in describing the results of these researches, and therefore, before proceeding to do so, I shall give definitions of the terms which I have adopted, and explain briefly the principal properties of the magnetic distributions to which they are applied. The remainder of this chapter will be devoted to three new methods of analysing the expressions for the resultant force of a magnet at any point, suggested by the consideration of these special forms of magnetic distribution. A Mathematical Theory of Electro-Magnets, and Inverse Problems regarding magnetic distributions, are the subjects of papers which I hope to be able to lay before the Royal Society on a subsequent occasion. 66. Definitions and explanations regarding Magnetic Solenoids (1.) A magnetic solenoid is an infinitely thin bar of any form, longitudinally magnetized with an intensity varying inversely as the area of the normal section in different parts.

scholarly journals Alternatives to and Reduction of Animal Use in Biomedical Research, Education and Testing

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
John M. Frazier ◽  
Alan M. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Research Education ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Do So

Biomedical endeavours can be divided into three major categories: research, education, and testing. Within the context of each of these categories, activities involving whole animals have made major contributions and will continue to do so in the future. However, with technological developments in the areas of biotechnology and computers, new methods are already reducing the use of whole animals in certain areas. This article discusses the general issues of alternatives and then focuses on the development of new approaches to toxicity testing.

scholarly journals Building Eminence through Evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Horgan
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Front Line ◽  
New Developments ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

With modern-day medicine going the way it is - new developments, great science, the advent of personalised medicine and more - there's little doubt that healthcare can move in the right direction if everything is put in place to allow it to do so. But in many areas progress is being halted. Or at the very least slowed. Like it or not, many front-line healthcare professionals still do things the way they did things three decades ago, and are reluctant to adapt to new methods (assuming they are aware of them). Evidence exists that today's rapidly developing new medicines and treatments can positively influence healthcare in modern-day Europe, but a gap in education (also applying to patients and politicians), often exacerbated by “fake news” on the internet, is hampering uptake of new and often better methods, while even causing doubts about vaccines. More understanding at every level will inevitably lead to swifter integration of innovation into the healthcare systems of Europe. The time to look, listen and learn has come.

scholarly journals XII. On the cause of the discrepancies observed by Mr. Baily with the Cavendish apparatus for determining the mean density of the earth

1847 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 217-229 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Astronomical Society ◽  
Royal Astronomical Society ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Singular Source ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Source Of Error ◽  
Different Parts

In the Fourteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Royal Astronomical Society will be found a full account of the Cavendish apparatus, and of the mode of experimenting followed by Mr. Baily. It will therefore not be necessary for me, in this place, to enter into any detail as to the different parts of the instrument, and the various precautions adopted in order to avoid that singular source of error 'currents of air in the torsion box arising from unequal temperature,’ which had been discovered by Cavendish. It will be sufficient for me to state that all the arrangements are of a highly satisfactory kind, and that I am of opinion that no aerial currents could have existed in the torsion box. The deduction of the mean density of the earth from the observed vibrations of the balls influenced by the torsion force and the attraction of the masses, is founded on a mathematical theory of the motion of the balls given by the Astronomer Royal, Mr. Airy ; and as this theory is certainly insufficient to account for the discrepancies, it will here be necessary to give a brief sketch of it.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Rapid Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Testing Methods on Autolyzed Bovine Brain Tissue

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Wear ◽  
Kirstine Henderson ◽  
Kath Webster ◽  
Indu Patel
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Bovine Brain ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Routine Testing ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Do So

In 1999, the European Union (EU) approved 3 rapid methods for the testing of bovine brain samples for the presence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The evaluation that led to the approval did not include an analysis of autolyzed material. Member states of the EU have active surveillance programs for BSE, which target fallen stock as well as other categories of cattle. Autolysis is a common feature of fallen stock samples because there can be a considerable delay between death and collection of samples. Therefore, it is important to know whether these tests perform optimally on autolyzed samples. The Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) selected 250 positive fallen stock samples. These had been detected during routine testing using the Prionics®-Check Western blot and confirmed as BSE cases by immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy. Samples were graded according to the degree of autolysis and then tested by the 3 methods: Prionics®-Check Western blot, Platelia test, and Enfer test. All 3 methods correctly classified the samples as positive BSE cases, therefore alleviating doubt about their ability to do so. Subsequent EU validation exercises, such as those conducted in 2002–2003, have included the testing of autolyzed material. It is important that all new methods be evaluated on autolyzed tissue before approval for official use.

scholarly journals IX. On the structure and development of the liver

1849 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 109-137 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Interesting Paper ◽  
Biliary Ducts ◽  
And Function ◽  
Do So

In venturing to offer a second communication to the Royal Society respecting the structure of the liver, I feel the rather anxious to do so, that I may have an opportunity of correcting an error and supplying a deficiency which existed in my previous paper. In the following observations I purpose to present some account of the structure of the liver examined in the ascending series of animals, and also to describe the several stages of its evolution in the embryo; in this way I trust I may be able to exhibit the characteristic structural features of the organ as it exists in Man and the higher animals, and also to determine the true place which ought to be assigned to it in a classification of the various glandular organs occurring in the same. I am not aware that any detailed account of the structure of the liver has been recently published, except that by M. Natalis Guillot, which however, so far as I comprehend it, does not seem to be one that can be readily accepted; the idea that the minute biliary ducts and lymphatics originate together in a common net-work, is à priori improbable, and entirely opposed to conclusive evidence (as I think), which will be subsequently adduced. A very interesting paper on the structure and function of the liver has also appeared in the 4th volume of the Guy’s Hospital Reports, from the pen of Dr. Williams; to his labours I shall several times have occasion to refer, but it will be seen that I differ from him in several particulars, especially respecting the importance of the basement or limitary membrane.

scholarly journals XXIV. Experiments and observations on the Newry pitch-stone, and its products, and on the formation of pumice

1822 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 313-338
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Vice Presidents ◽  
Geological Society ◽  
Do So

The locality of this mineral, and the singularity of its ex­ternal characters, having excited my curiosity, I took advan­tage of the facilities furnished by the liberality of the Royal Society of Dublin, of which I have the honour of being one of the Vice Presidents, to make the subjoined analysis in their laboratory. Doctor Fitton, in an excellent paper inserted in the first volume of the Transactions of the Geological Society, has given a minute description of the site and external characters of the Newry pitch-stone. I shall transcribe it, previous to laying before the Royal Society my own observations. I do so with more satisfaction, as we in general agree; in fact, scarcely two specimens are exactly the same, although contiguous to each other in the vein ; some being compact, some thin slaty, some olive, and some leek-green ; some so disin­tegrated, particularly when exposed to the air, as to be friable between the fingers, while others retain their gloss, consistency, and colour, with much tenacity, although they all fall at length into rhomboidal fragments. I may add also, that while some are quite porphyritic, others have but a few specks of felspar on their surface.

Knowing a Fly

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga
Keyword(s):  
Government Official ◽  
Know How ◽  
Intelligence System ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Do So

This chapter examines what one government official called “an intelligence system of tsetse”—a thoroughly intrusive infrastructure and procedure of knowing this chipukanana (principally its mobilities) in the most complete way possible. This anthropomorphic formula for intrusive knowing sought “to live and breathe and think with” mhesvi; to do so entailed “a lifetime of affectionate study.” This meant placing a peripatetic chipukanana under surveillance, to know how much time it spent in different parts of the habitat at different times of the year; how much time it spent feeding, sleeping, or simply in vigilant mode, waiting to pounce on anything that moved. Maps—of where it slept, bred, roamed, ate; its boundaries; strong points and weak points—were essential to successful operations against it.

XVI. On the leaf-arrangement of the crowberry ( empetrum nigrum )

1877 ◽  
Vol 25 (171-178) ◽  
pp. 158-160
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Progressive Change ◽  
Empetrum Nigrum ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Leaf Arrangement ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Complex Arrangement ◽  
Secondary Series

Pursuing the study of leaf-arrangement, the author finds that the crowberry of our moors ( Empetrum nigrum ) habitually exhibits a peculiar mole of variation in the arrangement of the leaves on different parts of the same twig. Out of fifty crowberry-twigs taken at random, only four (and these fragments) preserved the same arrangement throughout. In the remaining forty-six the leaf-arrangement was found to undergo a progressive change in ascending from the base of the twig to the summit— a change from a simpler order to others more complex. In general the basal order was that denoted by the fraction ⅖; and this was found to pass most frequently into 2/7, which in turn was found to pass into 2/9, with or without an intermediate set of whorls of 4:2/9 generally passed into whorls of 5, sometimes into 2/11, which was the most complex arrangement that was met with in this plant. The following is a list of the transitions found in the fifty specimens:— In all these instances the striking peculiarity to be observed is that the arrangement passes from an order belonging to one phyllotactic series ( e. g. from the order ⅖ in the primary series ½, ⅓, ⅖, &c.) to an order belonging to another phyllotactic series ( e. g. to the order 2/7 in the secondary series ⅓, 1/4, 2/7, &c.), and that this is a phenomenon which could not result from uniform vertical condensation of the lower arrangement; whereas in other plants the ordinary transition is from one order to another of the same series ( e. g. from ⅖ to ⅜, 5/13, 8/21 &c.), and is such as would result from uniform vertical condensation of the lower arrangement (as the author has shown in a paper read before the Royal Society on the 30th April, 1874: see Proc. vol. xxii. p. 298).

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