scholarly journals I. On the spectra of ignited gases and vapours, with especial regard to the different spectra of the same elementary gaseous substance

1865 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Heating Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Gaseous Substance

1. In order to obtain the spectra of all the elementary bodies, you may make use either of flame or the electric current. For this purpose flame is preferable on account of its easy management, and therefore was immediately introduced into the laboratory of the chemist. But its use is rather limited, the metals of alkalies being nearly the only substances which, if introduced into flame, give spectra exhibiting well-defined bright lines. In the case of the greater number of elementary substances the temperature of flame, even if alimented by oxygen instead of air, is too low. Either these substances are not reduced into vapour by means of flame, or, if reduced, the vapour does not reach the temperature necessary to render it luminous in such a degree that by prismatic analysis we obtain its characteristic rays. The electric current, the heating power of which may be indefinitely increased by increasing its intensity, is alone fitted to produce the peculiar spectra of all elementary bodies. 2. In applying the electric current we may proceed in two ways. In one mode of proceeding the substance to be examined by its spectrum is at the same time, by means of the current, transformed into vapour and rendered luminous. In the other mode the substance is either in the gaseous state, or, if not, has been converted into it by means of a lamp, and the electric current ignites the substance in passing through.

I. On the volumetric relations of ozone and the action of the electrical discharge on oxygen and other gases

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 427-428 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Silent Discharge ◽  
Gaseous Substance ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One

This paper contains the full details of the authors’ experiments on the volumetric changes which occur in the formation of ozone. From three distinct series of experiments, performed by different methods, they show that when ozone is formed from pure oxygen by the action of the electrical discharge, a condensation takes place, as had already been announced in a former Note published in the 'Proceedings.’ But the condensation is much greater than the earlier experiments of the authors on the expansion by heat of electrolytic ozone had indicated. It is, in fact, so great, that if the allotropic view of the constitution of ozone be correct, the density of that body, as compared with oxygen, would be represented by a number corresponding to the density of a solid or liquid rather than that of a gaseous substance. This conclusion follows necessarily from the authors’ experiments, unless it be assumed that when ozone comes into contact with such substances as iodine, or a solution of iodide of potassium, one portion of it is changed back into common oxygen, while the remainder enters into combination, and that these portions are so related to one another, that the expansion due to the one is exactly equal to the contraction arising from the other. For the details of the experiments and of the methods of investigation employed, reference must be made to the original paper. The second part of the communication is devoted to the action of the silent discharge and of the electrical spark on other gases. Hydrogen and nitrogen undergo no change of volume when exposed to the action of either form of discharge. Cyanogen is readily decomposed by the spark, but presents so great a resistance to the passage of electricity, that the action of the silent discharge can scarcely be observed. Protoxide of nitrogen is readily attacked by both forms of discharge, with increase of volume and formation of nitrogen and hyponitric acid. Deutoxide of nitrogen exhibits the remarkable example of a gas which, under the action either of the silent discharge or of the spark, undergoes, like oxygen, a diminution of volume. It also is resolved into nitrogen and hyponitric acid. Carbonic oxide has given results of great interest; but the nature of the reaction has been only partially investigated. The silent discharge decomposes this gas with production of a substance of a bronze colour on the positive wire. The spark acts differently, destroying, as in the case of oxygen, the greater part of the contraction produced by the silent discharge. The authors are engaged in the further prosecution of this inquiry.

The comparison of triboelectric power generated by electron-donating polymers KAPTON and PDMS in contact with PET polymer

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Keykha ◽  
T. Fanaei Sheikholeslami
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
External Load ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Triboelectric Nanogenerators ◽  
Electron Donation ◽  
Electric Loads

Abstract The Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are Fabricated by contact between two surfaces of different materials and convert of electric loads between them. In such structures, the two contacting layers should be radically different in terms of their electric property so that one of the layers could induce positive electrical charge while the other induces a negative charge. The application of force on and friction between the two layers induce positive and negative charges. Through the electrodes in external load, the electrical charges flow as electric current. In the present study, TEGN structures fabricated of polyethylene terephthalate polymers (PET) act as electron acceptor while Polyamide (KAPTON) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) act as electron donator. The resulting outputs are compared consequently. Considering the fact that the two materials are relatively identical in terms of electron donation as they are in contact with PET, the generators fabricated of KAPTON could generate 400% more power under identical conditions. Therefore, one may conclude that KAPTON could be more suitable for development of self-power system as they are more available and more environmentally compatible.

scholarly journals On the magnetic power of soft iron

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 187-188
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Hard Steel ◽  
Electric Current Passing ◽  
Good Contact ◽  
The One ◽  
Single Helix

When free magnetism is developed by induction, and is not retained in that state by what has been termed the coercive force of hard steel, it has generally been considered that all the phenomena due to the existence of free magnetism cease on the removal of the inducing cause. The object of the present communication is to show that such is not the fact. From a variety of experiments described by the author, it appears that soft iron continued to exhibit strongly the attraction due to the developement of magnetism long after the means by which the magnetism had been originally excited had ceased to act. In these experiments, bars of soft iron, in the form of a horseshoe, had a single helix of copper wire wound round them, so that on the ends of the wire being brought into contact with the poles of a voltaic battery, the iron became an electromagnet. With one of these horse-shoes, while the connexion between the ends of the helix and the poles of the battery existed, the soft iron, having a keeper applied to its poles, supported 125 pounds it supported 56 pounds after that connexion had been broken, and continued to retain the power of supporting the same weight after an interval of several days, care having been taken not to disturb, during the time, the contact between the horse-shoe and its keeper. On this contact, however, being broken, nearly the whole attractive power appeared to be immediately lost. The author describes several instances of the same kind, particularly one in which the contact between the ends of the horse-shoe of soft iron and its keeper having been undisturbed during fifteen weeks, the attractive power continued undiminished. Although the interposition of a substance, such as mica or paper, between the ends of the horse-shoe and its keeper necessarily diminished the force of attraction, it did not appear to diminish the power of retaining that force. In a case where the electromagnet of soft iron and its keeper were equal semi-circles, the author found, what may appear singular, that the arrangement of the magnetism during the time that the electric current traversed the helix, appeared not to be the same as after the cessation of that current; in the one case similar, and in the other dissimilar, poles being opposed to each other at the opposite extremities of the two semi-circles. Whether the magnetism was originally developed in the soft iron by means of an electric current passing round it, or by passing over its surface the poles of an electromagnet, or those of a common magnet of hard steel, it appeared to possess the same power of retaining a large portion of the magnetism thus developed. The retention of the magnetism does not appear to depend upon the relative positions of the ends of the horse-shoe and the keeper remaining undisturbed, but on their contact remaining unbroken: for one keeper was substituted for another without diminution of this power; care being taken that the second should be in good contact with both ends of the horse-shoe before the complete removal of the first.

scholarly journals The influence of homodromous and heterodromous electric currents on transmission of excitation in plant and animal

1915 ◽  
Vol 88 (607) ◽  
pp. 483-507 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Preparation ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
Conducting Tissue ◽  
The One ◽  
Conduction Of Excitation ◽  
Stimulation Of

I have in a previous paper described investigation on the conduction of excitation in Mimosa pudica . It was there shown that the various characteristics of the propagation of excitation in the conducting tissue of the plant are in every way similar to those in the animal nerve. Hence it appeared probable that any newly found phenomenon in the one case was likely to lead to the discovery of a similar phenomenon in the other. A problem of great interest which has attracted my attention my attention for several years is the question whether, in a conducting tissue, excitation travels better with or against the direction of an electric current. The experimental difficulties presented in the prosecution of this enquiry are very numerous, the results being complicated by the joint effects of the direction of current on conductivity and of the poles on excitability. As regards the latter, the changes of excitability in the animal nerve under electrotonus have been demonstrated by the well-known experiments of pflüger. In a nerve-and-muscle preparation, the presence of a pole P is shown to induce a variation of excitability of a neighbouring point S. When P is kathode, the excitability of the point S, near it, is enhanced; stimulation of S, previously ineffective, now becomes effective, and the resulting excitation is transmitted to M, causing response of the muscle. Conversely, the application of anode at P causes a depression of excitability of S. Stimulus previously effective now becomes ineffective. In this manner the transmission of excitation may be indirectly modified by the polar variation of excitability of the stimulated point (fig. 1 a ).

scholarly journals A STUDY OF AN EXTREMELY PURE PREPARATION OF RICIN

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus W. Field
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pure Preparation ◽  
Single Substance

1. By following the method of Osborne, Mendel and Harris, we can obtain an extremely potent toxin from the castor bean. 2. It would appear, as a result of testing this preparation at the end of two and a half years, that the agglutinating function and the toxic function are two distinct properties. 3. This result is also borne out by the behavior under the electric current; either we are dealing with two different substances or else with a single substance with two distinct toxiphore groups, one of which is stable and the other labile.

scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 91-93
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Electrical Currents ◽  
Electric Current Passing ◽  
Electrical Condition ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Electrical Induction ◽  
Experimental Researches

This paper is divided into four parts: the first being on the Induction of Electric Currents; the second, on the Evolution of Electricity from Magnetism; the third, on a new Electrical Condition of Matter; and the fourth, on Arago’s Magnetic Phænomena. The author defines electrical induction to be the power which electrical currents possess of inducing any particular state upon matter in their immediate neighbourhood. A great length of copper wire, 1-20th of an inch in diameter, was wound round a cylinder of wood so as to compose two helices, the coils of which were intermixed, but prevented from touching each other by interposed threads of twine and calico. One helix was connected with a voltaic battery, and the other with a galvanometer. No effect was perceived on the latter, with a battery of 10 plates; a slight effect only with one of 100 plates; and a distinct deflection of the needle of the galvanometer occurred when the contact was made with a battery of 120 plates. While the contact was preserved, the needle returned to its natural position, and was unaffected by the electric current passing through the wire connected with the battery; but on breaking the connexion, the needle of the galvanometer was again deflected, but in a direction contrary to that of its former deflection. Hence it is inferred that the electric current sent by the battery through one wire, induced a similar current through the other wire, but only at the moment the contact was made; and a current in the contrary direction when the passage of the electricity was suddenly interrupted. These transitory currents, resembling waves, were found to be capable of magnetizing needles placed within the helix. Collateral currents, either in the same or in opposite directions, exert no permanent inductive power on each other.

scholarly journals II. On evaporation and dissociation. —Part I

1886 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 71-122 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Path ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Mutual Attraction ◽  
Rapid Motion ◽  
The Difference

1. The phenomena exhibited by gases when exposed to varying temperatures and pressures have been shown by many eminent observers to be explicable by an extension to molecules of the laws of motion of matter which are known to be true in the case of large bodies. Such molecules of gas are supposed to be in a state of very rapid motion, the free path of each molecule bearing a very large ratio to the diameter of the molecule. As a liquid is formed by the condensation of a gas, it is clear that its molecules are in closer proximity to each other, and that the average free path of each molecule in the liquid state cannot be nearly so great as in the gaseous state. It was pointed out by Naumann (Ann. d. Chem. u. Pharm., 1870, 155, 325; see also Ramsay, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1880, April 22 and December 16) that it is conceivable that an explanation of the closer proximity of molecules in a liquid than in a gas may be that two or more gaseous molecules have united to form complex molecular groups, analogous to those complex molecules which are known as chemical compounds, in which two or more elements exist in combination. On the other hand, it is held by some that the difference between gas and liquid is due solely to the greater proximity of the molecules in the liquid state, by reason of which they come within the sphere of mutual attraction, but do not necessarily coalesce to form groups of molecules analogous to the group of atoms in the molecule of a compound.

scholarly journals A Study of Possible Reasons of the Damage by Electric Current of Traction Induction Motors Bearings of Electric Trains Lastochka and the Ways to Prevent This

2021 ◽  
Vol 2096 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
M Pustovetov
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Induction Motors ◽  
Electrical Breakdown ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Insulation Coating ◽  
Rolling Elements ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Frequency Current

Abstract There is a problem of damage of bearings of traction induction motors of electric trains Lastochka by electric current. Based on the fact that the bearings have a ceramic insulation coating, and the cases of its electrical breakdown is not fixed, the authors put forward a version that a high-frequency current flows through the bearing as through an electric capacitance. The analysis show that the cause of the current can be a radio standard GSM-R. The proposed technical solution against the damage of bearings: the use of grounding shaft rings, replace the bearings on the other with ceramic rolling elements, arrangement of separate high-frequency grounding for the GSM-R antenna.

scholarly journals The method of meningostomy and its application in the study of the brain in animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 820-821
Author(s):  
A. I. Smirnov ◽  
P. D. Olefirenko
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gain Access

All surgical methods used in the study of the brain in animals can be combined into two groups: 1) methods of direct and indirect shutdown of a particular part of the brain and 2) methods of non-mediocre brain stimulation by electric current or by mechanical, chemical or thermal effects. In the hands of different experimenters, depending on the goals and objects of research, these basic methods varied to one degree or another. All modifications were aimed at, on the one hand, to avoid brain injuries during trepanation as much as possible, and on the other hand, to gain access to the cerebral cortex without exposing it at the time of the observation itself. As can be judged from the literature collected from E. Abderhalden in Handbuch der biolog. Arbeitsmethoden to a certain extent this has already been achieved.

scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity. Twenty-fourth series. On the possible relation of gravity to electricity

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 994-995 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Gravity And Magnetic ◽  
Experimental Relation ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Fourth Series ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Electric Action

Under the full persuasion that all the forces of nature are mutually dependent, and often, if not always, convertible more or less into each other, the author endeavoured to connect gravity and magnetic or electric action together by experimental results, and though the conclusions were, when cleared from all error, of a negative nature, he still thinks that the principle followed and the experiments themselves deserve to be recorded. Considering that some condition of the results produced by gravity ought to present itself, having a relation to the dual or antithetical character of the magnetic or electric forces, it seemed to the author that the approximation of two gravitating bodies towards each other, and their separation, were the only points which offered this kind of coincidence; and therefore, using the earth as one gravitating body, he employed a cylinder of metal, glass, resins, or other substances, as the other, and endeavoured to ascertain when the latter was allowed to fall, being surrounded by a helix of wire, whether any electric current was generated. Sometimes the cylinder was allowed to fall through the helix; at other times with the helix; and occasionally the helix was made the falling body. But when the various sources of error which sprung up were gradually removed, no traces of electric action remained which could be referred to the power of gravity. In order to obtain a greater effect, an aparatus was employed (being nearly that, used in the 23rd Series of these Researches) by which the effect of raising a body from the earth could be combined with that of a falling body by the fit use of commutators (if any action at all were produced). The apparatus was very good, and gave exceedingly delicate results, as was shown by other consequences of its action; but in respect of gravity it produced no effect whatever. Notwithstanding his failure in obtaining any experimental relation between gravity and magnetic or electric force, the author still expresses his conviction that there is a relation, and his hopes that it may be hereafter practically demonstrated.

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