scholarly journals Listeria floridensis sp. nov., Listeria aquatica sp. nov., Listeria cornellensis sp. nov., Listeria riparia sp. nov. and Listeria grandensis sp. nov., from agricultural and natural environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_6) ◽  
pp. 1882-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk C. den Bakker ◽  
Steven Warchocki ◽  
Emily M. Wright ◽  
Adam F. Allred ◽  
Christina Ahlstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
A Genome

Sampling of agricultural and natural environments in two US states (Colorado and Florida) yielded 18 Listeria-like isolates that could not be assigned to previously described species using traditional methods. Using whole-genome sequencing and traditional phenotypic methods, we identified five novel species, each with a genome-wide average blast nucleotide identity (ANIb) of less than 85 % to currently described species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and amino acid sequences of 31 conserved loci showed the existence of four well-supported clades within the genus Listeria ; (i) a clade representing Listeria monocytogenes , L. marthii , L. innocua , L. welshimeri , L. seeligeri and L. ivanovii , which we refer to as Listeria sensu stricto, (ii) a clade consisting of Listeria fleischmannii and two newly described species, Listeria aquatica sp. nov. (type strain FSL S10-1188T = DSM 26686T = LMG 28120T = BEI NR-42633T) and Listeria floridensis sp. nov. (type strain FSL S10-1187T = DSM 26687T = LMG 28121T = BEI NR-42632T), (iii) a clade consisting of Listeria rocourtiae , L. weihenstephanensis and three novel species, Listeria cornellensis sp. nov. (type strain TTU A1-0210T = FSL F6-0969T = DSM 26689T = LMG 28123T = BEI NR-42630T), Listeria grandensis sp. nov. (type strain TTU A1-0212T = FSL F6-0971T = DSM 26688T = LMG 28122T = BEI NR-42631T) and Listeria riparia sp. nov. (type strain FSL S10-1204T = DSM 26685T = LMG 28119T = BEI NR- 42634T) and (iv) a clade containing Listeria grayi . Genomic and phenotypic data suggest that the novel species are non-pathogenic.

Three novel species of the Bacillus cereus group isolated from clinical samples in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Tohya ◽  
Tomomi Hishinuma ◽  
Shin Watanabe ◽  
Masahito Shimojima ◽  
Miho Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Three Gram-positive bacterial strains, BML-BC004, BML-BC017 and BML-BC059, isolated from blood samples from three inpatients in Japan, were identified as members of Bacillus cereus using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these three strains were more than 97.1 % similar to 18 type strains belonging to the B. cereus group. Whole-genome comparisons, using average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH), confirmed that the three strains represented three individual distinct species belonging to the B. cereus group. A phylogenetic tree showed that BML-BC004, BML-BC017 and BML-BC059 were located close to B. luti , B. mobilis and B. paramycoides , respectively. Based on these phylogenetic and phenotypic data, including values below the threshold for ANI and dDDH, the three strains should be classified as representing three different novel species of the B. cereus group: Bacillus sanguinis sp. nov., with type strain BML-BC004T (=DSM 111102T=JCM 34122T), Bacillus paramobilis sp. nov., with type strain BML-BC017T (=DSM 111100T=JCM 34124T) and Bacillus hominis sp. nov., with type strain BML-BC059T (=DSM 111101T=JCM 34125T).

scholarly journals Aquirufa ecclesiirivi sp. nov. and Aquirufa beregesia sp. nov., isolated from a small creek and classification of Allopseudarcicella aquatilis as a later heterotypic synonym of Aquirufa nivalisilvae

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 4602-4609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Pitt ◽  
Ulrike Koll ◽  
Johanna Schmidt ◽  
Martin W. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
A Genome

Two bacterial strains, 50A-KIRBAT and 50C-KIRBAT, were isolated from the same freshwater creek located near Salzburg, Austria. They showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Aquirufa nivalisilvae of 100 and 99.9 %, respectively. A genome-based phylogenetic reconstruction with amino acid sequences of 119 single-copy genes suggested that the new strains represent two new species of the genus Aquirufa . Pairwise calculated whole-genome average nucleotide identity (gANI) values ranging from 85.4 to 87.5 % confirmed this conclusion. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic traits were investigated. Like strains of other Aquirufa species, 50A-KIRBAT and 50C-KIRBAT grew aerobically and chemoorganotrophically, were rod-shaped, red-pigmented and motile, most likely by gliding. They could be distinguished by slight differences in the chemotaxonomic features. We propose to establish for strain 50A-KIRBAT (=CIP 111735T=LMG 31080T) as type strain the name Aquirufa ecclesiirivi and for strain 50C-KIRBAT (=CIP 111736T=LMG 31501T) as type strain the name Aquirufa beregesia. Furthermore, the relationship between the type strains of Aquirufa nivalisilvae (59G-WUEMPELT) and Allopseudarcicella aquatilis (HME7025T) was investigated. Results of polyphasic analyses, especially a gANI value of 97.6 %, as well as the genome-based phylogenetic reconstruction, suggested that Allopseudarcicella aquatilis is a heterotypic synonym of Aquirufa nivalisilvae . According to rule 24b of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes we propose to classify strain HME7025 as Aquirufa nivalisilvae and provide an emended description for the latter.

scholarly journals Arthrobacter yangruifuii sp. nov. and Arthrobacter zhaoguopingii sp. nov., two new members of the genus Arthrobacter

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5287-5295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajun Ge ◽  
Yuanmeihui Tao ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Xin-He Lai ◽  
Dong Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Four unknown strains belonging to the genus Arthrobacter were isolated from plateau wildlife on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the four isolates were separated into two clusters. Cluster I (strains 785T and 208) had the greatest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Arthrobacter citreus (98.6 and 98.7 %, respectively), Arthrobacter luteolus (98.0 and 98.1%, respectively), Arthrobacter gandavensis (97.9 and 98.0 %, respectively) and Arthrobacter koreensis (97.6 and 97.7 %, respectively). Likewise, cluster II (strains J391T and J915) had the highest sequence similarity to Arthrobacter ruber (98.6 and 98.3 %, respectively) and Arthrobacter agilis (98.1 and 97.9  %, respectively). Average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA–DNA hybridization values illustrated that the two type strains, 785T and J391T, represented two separate novel species that are distinct from all currently recognized species in the genus Arthrobacter . These strains had DNA G+C contents of 66.0–66.1 mol% (cluster I) and 68.0 mol% (cluster II). The chemotaxonomic properties of strains 785T and J391T were in line with those of the genus Arthrobacter : anteiso-C15:0 (79.3 and 40.8 %, respectively) as the major cellular fatty acid, MK-8(H2) (65.8 %) or MK-9(H2) (75.6 %) as the predominant respiratory quinone, a polar lipid profile comprising diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipids and phospholipid, and A3α or A4α as the cell wall peptidoglycan type. On the basis of our results, two novel species in the genus Arthrobacter are proposed, namely Arthrobacter yangruifuii sp. nov. (type strain, 785T=CGMCC 1.16725T=GDMCC 1.1592T=JCM 33491T) and Arthrobacter zhaoguopingii sp. nov. (type strain, J391T=CGMCC 1.17382T=GDMCC 1.1667T=JCM 33841T).

Nocardioides donggukensis sp. nov. and Hyunsoonleella aquatilis sp. nov., isolated from Jeongbang Waterfall on Jeju Island

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inhyup Kim ◽  
Geeta Chhetri ◽  
Jiyoun Kim ◽  
Minchung Kang ◽  
Yoonseop So ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Jeju Island ◽  
Nucleotide Identity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Average Nucleotide Identity ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Two bacterial strains, designated MJB4T and SJ7T, were isolated from water samples collected from Jeongbang Falls on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains belonged to the genera Nocardioides and Hyunsoonleella , owing to their high similarities to Nocardioides jensenii DSM 29641T (97.5 %) and Hyunsoonleella rubra FA042 T (96.3 %), respectively. These values are much lower than the gold standard for bacterial species (98.7 %). The average nucleotide identity values between strains MJB4T, SJ7T and the reference strains, Nocardioides jensenii DSM 29641T, Nocardioides daejeonensis MJ31T and Hyunsoonleella flava T58T were 77.2, 75.9 and 75.4 %, respectively. Strains MJB4T and SJ7T and the type strains of the species involved in system incidence have average nucleotide identity and average amino acid threshold values of 60.1–82.6 % for the species boundary (95–96 %), which confirms that strains MJB4T and SJ7T represent two new species of genus Nocardioides and Hyunsoonleella , respectively. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic data, strains MJB4T and SJ7T are considered to represent novel species of the genus Nocardioides and Hyunsoonleella , respectively, for which the names Nocardioides donggukensis sp. nov. (type strain MJB4T=KACC 21724T=NBRC 114402T) and Hyunsoonleella aquatilis sp. nov., (type strain SJ7T=KACC 21715T=NBRC 114486T) have been proposed.

Mucilaginibacter soyangensis sp. nov., isolated from a lake

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_2) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yochan Joung ◽  
Haneul Kim ◽  
Heeyoung Kang ◽  
Beom-Il Lee ◽  
Tae-Seok Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Yellow Orange

A non-motile, yellow–orange-pigmented bacterial strain, designated HME6664T, was isolated from Lake Soyang, Republic of Korea. The major fatty acids of strain HME6664T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c; 44.7 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (20.2 %). The DNA G+C content was 40.8 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HME6664T formed a lineage within the genus Mucilaginibacter . Strain HME6664T was closely related to Mucilaginibacter ximonensis (96.7 %), Mucilaginibacter dorajii (96.5 %) and Mucilaginibacter lappiensis (96.3 %). On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain HME6664T represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter , for which the name Mucilaginibacter soyangensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is HME6664T ( = KCTC 23261T = CECT 7824T).

scholarly journals Neisseria oralis sp. nov., isolated from healthy gingival plaque and clinical samples

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_4) ◽  
pp. 1323-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Wolfgang ◽  
Teresa V. Passaretti ◽  
Reashma Jose ◽  
Jocelyn Cole ◽  
An Coorevits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

A polyphasic analysis was undertaken of seven independent isolates of Gram-negative cocci collected from pathological clinical samples from New York, Louisiana, Florida and Illinois and healthy subgingival plaque from a patient in Virginia, USA. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity among these isolates was 99.7–100 %, and the closest species with a validly published name was Neisseria lactamica (96.9 % similarity to the type strain). DNA–DNA hybridization confirmed that these isolates are of the same species and are distinct from their nearest phylogenetic neighbour, N. lactamica . Phylogenetic analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the novel species belongs in the genus Neisseria . The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) and C18 : 1ω7c. The cellular fatty acid profile, together with other phenotypic characters, further supports the inclusion of the novel species in the genus Neisseria . The name Neisseria oralis sp. nov. (type strain 6332T  = DSM 25276T  = LMG 26725T) is proposed.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis sp. nov., isolated from European domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) with reproductive pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 2369-2381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitriy V. Volokhov ◽  
Dénes Grózner ◽  
Miklós Gyuranecz ◽  
Naola Ferguson-Noel ◽  
Yamei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

In 1983, Mycoplasma sp. strain 1220 was isolated in Hungary from the phallus lymph of a gander with phallus inflammation. Between 1983 and 2017, Mycoplasma sp. 1220 was also identified and isolated from the respiratory tract, liver, ovary, testis, peritoneum and cloaca of diseased geese in several countries. Seventeen studied strains produced acid from glucose and fructose but did not hydrolyse arginine or urea, and all grew under aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions at 35 to 37 ˚C in either SP4 or pleuropneumonia-like organism medium supplemented with glucose and serum. Colonies on agar showed a typical fried-egg appearance and transmission electron microscopy revealed a typical mycoplasma cellular morphology. Molecular characterization included analysis of the following genetic loci: 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, 16S–23S rRNA ITS, rpoB, rpoC, rpoD, uvrA, parC, topA, dnaE, fusA and pyk. The genome was sequenced for type strain 1220T. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of studied strains of Mycoplasma sp. 1220 shared 99.02–99.19 % nucleotide similarity with M. anatis strains but demonstrated ≤95.00–96.70 % nucleotide similarity to the 16S rRNA genes of other species of the genus Mycoplasma . Phylogenetic, average nucleotide and amino acid identity analyses revealed that the novel species was most closely related to Mycoplasma anatis . Based on the genetic data, we propose a novel species of the genus Mycoplasma , for which the name Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain 1220T (=ATCC BAA-2147T=NCTC 13513T=DSM 23982T). The G+C content is 26.70 mol%, genome size is 959110 bp.

scholarly journals Lysobacter profundi sp. nov., isolated from freshwater sediment and reclassification of Lysobacter panaciterrae as Luteimonas panaciterrae comb. nov.

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 3878-3887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Zhi Jin ◽  
Xiuli Song ◽  
Yun Ju Sung ◽  
Feng-Jie Jin ◽  
Taihua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Unidentified Phospholipid ◽  
Respiratory Quinone ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strains CHu50b-3-2T and CHu40b-3-1 isolated from a 67 cm-long sediment core collected from the Daechung Reservoir at a water depth of 17 m, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The cells of the strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of two strains with γ-Proteobacteria, which showed the highest pairwise sequence similarities to Lysobacter hankyongensis KTce-2T (96.5 %), Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil193T (96.3 %), Lysobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 357T (96.1 %), Lysobacter solanacearum T20R-70T (96.1 %), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (95.4 %) and Lysobacter capsici YC5194T (95.3 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed a clear phylogenetic lineage with the genus Lysobacter . The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1  ω9c and/or C18 : 1 10-methyl), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 66.8 mol% (genome) for strain CHu50b-3-2T and 66.4 mol% (HPLC) for strain CHu40b-3-1. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that strains CHu50b-3-2T and CHu40b-3-1 represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lysobacter profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHu50b-3-2T (=KCTC 72973T=CCTCC AB 2019129T). Besides Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068T formed a phylogenetic group together with strain Luteimonas aquatica RIB1-20T (EF626688) that is clearly separated from all other known Lysobacter strains. Based on the phylogenetic relationships together with fatty acid compositions, Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068T should be reclassified as a member of the genus Luteimonas: Luteimonas aquatica comb. nov. (type strain Gsoil 068T=KCTC 12601T=DSM 17927T).

scholarly journals Solimonas terrae sp. nov., isolated from soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_4) ◽  
pp. 1218-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Jin Kim ◽  
Ji-Young Moon ◽  
Hang-Yeon Weon ◽  
Jae-Hyung Ahn ◽  
Wen-Ming Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Isoprenoid Quinone ◽  
Gram Stain ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Optimum Ph

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KIS83-12T, was isolated from soil of Gaui island in the Taean region of South Korea. The strain grew at 15–33 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Growth did not occur in the presence of NaCl. The strain was catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that KIS83-12T was most closely related to Solimonas soli DCY12T (96.9 %), Solimonas variicoloris MN28T (96.5 %), Solimonas flava CW-KD 4T (96.5 %) and Solimonas aquatica NAA16T (96.0 %), and formed a robust phyletic lineage with members of the genus Solimonas . The main isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. Major polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Fatty acids present in large and moderate amounts (>5.0 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c, summed feature 2 (iso-C16 : 1 I and/or C14 : 0 3-OH) and C12 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 67.9 mol%. On the basis of the taxonomic data obtained in this study, KIS83-12T represents a novel species of the genus Solimonas , for which the name Solimonas terrae sp. nov. is proposed, with KIS83-12T ( = KACC 16967T = DSM 27281T) as the type strain.

Sneathia vaginalis sp. nov. (Fusobacteriales, Leptotrichiaceae) as a replacement of the species ‘Sneathia amnii’ Harwich et al. 2012 and ‘Leptotrichia amnionii’ Shukla et al. 2002, and emended description of Sneathia Collins et al. 2001

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Eisenberg ◽  
Sabine Gronow ◽  
Jane Falgenhauer ◽  
Can Imirzalioglu ◽  
Kristin Mühldorfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Members of the genus Sneathia are fastidious bacteria that predominantly colonise the female genital tract and are significantly associated with reproductive disorders and genital and neonatal disease. From a taxonomical perspective, the genus only comprises the species Sneathia sanguinegens . Numerous reports on a second species, ‘Sneathia amnii’, have been published, but the name has never been validated. The same is the case for ‘Leptotrichia amnionii’, which was previously shown to belong to the same species as ‘Sneathia amnii’. We studied strains DSM 16631T and DSM 16630, which have been identified and deposited as ‘Leptotrichia amnionii’ previously. At the time of isolation, these strains were found to be most closely related to, but clearly different from, Sneathia sanguinegens based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. Both strains proved to be almost indistinguishable from ‘Sneathia amnii’ based on molecular, morphological and physiological traits. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DSM 16631T was assigned to the genus Sneathia with a sequence similarity of 95.47 % to Sneathia sanguinegens CCUG 41628T, followed by type strains of Caviibacter abscessus (93.03 %), Oceanivirga salmonicida (92.68 %) and Oceanivirga miroungae (91.97 %) as the next closely related members of the Leptotrichiaceae . The novel species was also clearly differentiated from other related taxa by core genome phylogeny, average nucleotide and amino acid identities, in silico DNA–DNA hybridization and MALDI-TOF MS. With respect to chemotaxonomic and physiological patterns, strains DSM 16631T and DSM 16630 were again highly similar to Sneathia sanguinegens . On the basis of these data, we propose the novel species Sneathia vaginalis sp. nov. with the type strain DSM 16631T (=CCUG 52977T=CCUG 52889AT) and a second strain DSM 16630 (=CCUG 52976=CCUG 52888) that were both isolated from bloodstream infections in women with puerperal fever in France. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain is 28.4 mol% and the genome size is 1.28 Mbp. Based on the observed extremely high similarities of genotypic and phenotypic traits of the novel proposed species to those reported for ‘Sneathia amnii’, we recommend using this new name in all further publications on this taxon.

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