scholarly journals Maxwellian Eye Fixation during Natural Scene Perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Duchesne ◽  
Vincent Bouvier ◽  
Julien Guillemé ◽  
Olivier A. Coubard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Random Motion ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Natural Scene ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
Natural Scene Perception

When we explore a visual scene, our eyes make saccades to jump rapidly from one area to another and fixate regions of interest to extract useful information. While the role of fixation eye movements in vision has been widely studied, their random nature has been a hitherto neglected issue. Here we conducted two experiments to examine the Maxwellian nature of eye movements during fixation. In Experiment 1, eight participants were asked to perform free viewing of natural scenes displayed on a computer screen while their eye movements were recorded. For each participant, the probability density function (PDF) of eye movement amplitude during fixation obeyed the law established by Maxwell for describing molecule velocity in gas. Only the mean amplitude of eye movements varied with expertise, which was lower in experts than novice participants. In Experiment 2, two participants underwent fixed time, free viewing of natural scenes and of their scrambled version while their eye movements were recorded. Again, the PDF of eye movement amplitude during fixation obeyed Maxwell’s law for each participant and for each scene condition (normal or scrambled). The results suggest that eye fixation during natural scene perception describes a random motion regardless of top-down or of bottom-up processes.

scholarly journals Eye Movements Enhance Recollection of Re-Imagined Negative Words: A Link between EMDR and Sire?

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hans Phaf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Memory Experiment ◽  
Negative Material

Do eye movements primarily affect emotion, as in Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR), or memory retrieval, as in Saccade-Induced Retrieval Enhancement (SIRE)? Despite growing confidence in the effectiveness of the former, the latter memory effect is sometimes not replicated. I argue here that the memory enhancement due to eye movements can be obtained, when conditions are made more similar to EMDR: a) participants are explicitly instructed to retrieve and re-imagine the memories during the eye movements, and b) emotionally negative material is involved. An exploratory memory experiment is presented that compares horizontal eye-movement and eye-fixation conditions. Mixed lists of positive, neutral, and negative words were studied and explicitly recollected during the eye manipulation. Results showed evidence for enhanced recollection due to eye movements, with a large effect size specifically for negative words. The crosstalk between these different domains may not only be helpful for gaining a better understanding of SIRE but also for improving the effectiveness of EMDR.

Image Structure at the Center of Gaze during Free Viewing

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Dragoi ◽  
Mriganka Sur
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Image Patch ◽  
Image Scanning ◽  
Retinal Stimulation ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Orientation Structure

It is generally believed that the visual system is adapted to the statistics of the visual world. Measuring and understanding these statistics require precise knowledge of the structure of the signals reaching fovea during image scanning. However, despite the fact that eye movements cause retinal stimulation to change several times in a second, it is implicitly assumed that images are sampled uniformly during natural viewing. By analyzing the eye movements of three rhesus monkeys freely viewing natural scenes, we report here significant anisotropy in stimulus statistics at the center of gaze. We find that fixation on an image patch is more likely to be followed by a saccade to a nearby patch of similar orientation structure or by a saccade to a more distant patch of largely dissimilar orientation structure. Furthermore, we show that orientation-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) can take advantage of eye movement statistics to selectively improve their discrimination performance.

Eye Movements While Driving Cars around Curves

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos S. Cohen ◽  
Herbert Studach
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

The eye fixations of 5 experienced and 4 inexperienced car drivers were analyzed while driving curves to the left and to the right. For experienced drivers in a curve to the left the mean duration of eye fixations was longer and the amplitude of the eye movements greater than in a curve to the right. No such difference was observed in inexperienced drivers who manifested neither uniformity within the same curves nor differentiation between the two types of curves. Mean duration of eye fixations of experienced subjects was shorter while driving in a curve to right, but their amplitude of eye movement was greater in a curve to left than those of inexperienced drivers. In Exp. 2, it was pointed out that there is already a change in the pattern of eye movements prior to entering a curve. Upon approaching the curve the mean duration of eye fixation decreased, and the fixations were mainly shifted toward the future driving path. Results are interpreted in terms of the adequacy of the eye fixations (supposedly influenced by prior long-term learning) for information at near distance for vehicle control and at longer distances for setting up proprioceptive forward programs for possible future sensomotoric activity.

Learning and surface boundary feedbacks for colour natural scene perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Díaz-Pernas ◽  
Mario Martínez-Zarzuela ◽  
Míriam Antón-Rodríguez ◽  
David González-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Scene Perception ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
Natural Scene ◽  
Natural Scene Perception

scholarly journals Natural-Scene Perception Requires Attention

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1165-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cohen ◽  
George A. Alvarez ◽  
Ken Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Scene Perception ◽  
Natural Scene ◽  
Natural Scene Perception

Apparent Dissociation Between Saccadic Eye Movements and the Firing Patterns of Premotor Neurons and Motoneurons

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2808-2811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Ling ◽  
Albert F. Fuchs ◽  
James O. Phillips ◽  
Edward G. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Premotor Neurons ◽  
Motoneuron Activity

Saccadic eye movements result from high-frequency bursts of activity in ocular motoneurons. This phasic activity originates in premotor burst neurons. When the head is restrained, the number of action potentials in the bursts of burst neurons and motoneurons increases linearly with eye movement amplitude. However, when the head is unrestrained, the number of action potentials now increase as a function of the change in the direction of the line of sight during eye movements of relatively similar amplitudes. These data suggest an apparent uncoupling of premotor neuron and motoneuron activity from the resultant eye movement.

Stimulation-Evoked Eye Movements With and Without the Lateral Rectus Muscle Pulley

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 3809-3815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana M. Dimitrova ◽  
Mary S. Shall ◽  
Stephen J. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rectus Muscle ◽  
Lateral Rectus ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Lateral Rectus Muscle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Orbital Tissue ◽  
Orbital Layer

Recent studies have suggested that extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys, composed of collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle, are among the tissues surrounding the eye. High-resolution magnetic-resonance imaging appears to indicate that the pulleys serve to both constrain and alter the pulling paths of the EOMs. The active pulley hypothesis suggests that the orbital layer of the EOMs inserts on the pulley and serves to control it. Based on anatomical data, the active pulley hypothesis also suggests that the orbital layer does not rotate the eye within the orbit; this is done by the global layer of the muscle. However, no physiological data exist to confirm this hypothesis. Here we used stimulation-evoked eye movements in anesthetized monkeys and cats before and after destruction of the lateral rectus muscle pulley by removal of the lateral bony orbit and adjacent orbital tissue. The absence of these structures resulted in increased lateral, in the primate, and medial, in the cat, eye-movement amplitude and velocity. Vertical eye movements in the cat were not significantly affected. The results indicate that these increases, confined to horizontal eye-movement amplitude and velocity, may be attributed to passive properties within the orbit. In relation to the active pulley hypothesis, we could discern no clear impact (in terms of amplitude or velocity profile of the movements) of lateral eye exposure that could be directly attributable to the active lateral pulley system.

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