scholarly journals Cooperative foraging during larval stage affects fitness in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dombrovski ◽  
Rives Kuhar ◽  
Alexandra Mitchell ◽  
Hunter Shelton ◽  
Barry Condron
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Group Foraging ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
Cooperative Foraging ◽  
Limited Food ◽  
Fitness Benefits

SummaryCooperative behavior can confer advantages to animals. This is especially true for cooperative foraging which provides fitness benefits through more efficient acquisition and consumption of food. While examples of group foraging have been widely described, the principles governing formation of such aggregations and rules that determine group membership remain poorly understood. Here we take advantage of an experimental model system featuring cooperative foraging behavior in Drosophila. Under crowded conditions, fly larvae form coordinated digging groups (clusters), where individuals are linked together by sensory cues and group membership requires prior experience. However, fitness benefits of Drosophila larval clustering remain unknown. We demonstrate that animals raised in crowded conditions on food partially processed by other larvae experience a developmental delay presumably due to the decreased nutritional value of the substrate. Intriguingly, same conditions promote formation of cooperative foraging clusters which further extends larval stage compared to non-clustering animals. Remarkably, this developmental retardation also results in a relative increase in wing size, serving an indicator of adult fitness. Thus, we find that the clustering-induced developmental delay is accompanied by fitness benefits. Therefore, cooperative foraging, while delaying development, may have evolved to give Drosophila larvae benefits when presented with competition for limited food resources.

scholarly journals Drought decreases cooperative sentinel behavior and affects vocal coordination in meerkats

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1558-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Rauber ◽  
Tim H Clutton-Brock ◽  
Marta B Manser
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Drought Condition ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Suricata Suricatta ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors

Abstract Cooperative breeding often evolved in harsh and arid habitats characterized by high levels of environmental uncertainty. Most forms of cooperative behavior have energetic costs and previous studies have shown that the contributions of individuals to alloparental provisioning are conditional on their food intake. However, the effect of naturally occurring, extreme environmental conditions on the persistence of costly forms of cooperative behaviors and their coordination by communication remain unknown. Here, we show that in meerkats (Suricata suricatta) the probability to act as sentinel, a cooperative vigilance behavior, was the same for typically occurring dry and wet conditions, but significantly reduced during a drought condition with almost no rain, especially in young individuals, members of small groups and groups with pups. The duration an individual stayed on sentinel guard, however, was most reduced during dry conditions. Besides reductions in sentinel behavior, the vocal coordination of foraging meerkats differed when comparing drought and wet conditions. Individuals responded more strongly to playbacks of sentinel “all-clear” calls and close calls, resulting in less vigilance and more foraging behavior during the drought condition. We conclude that while meerkats are adapted to commonly occurring dry periods with low rainfall, the extreme drought period with almost no rain, led to a decrease of the frequency of costly forms of cooperative behaviors in favor of behaviors that maximize direct fitness benefits and also affected the vocal coordination among group members.

scholarly journals Identifying pattern in global developmental delay children: A retrospective study at King Fahad specialist hospital, Dammam (Saudi Arabia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Habibullah ◽  
Raidah Albradie ◽  
Shahid Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Global Developmental Delay ◽  
Eeg Abnormalities ◽  
Developmental Domains

Global developmental delay (GDD) and intellectual disability are relatively common in pediatric neurology conditions. A retrospective study was designed to analyze risk factors and clinical features in children with GDD at our hospital. No previous data is available on GDD from Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted at king Fahad specialist hospital Dammam (KFSHD) of 134 GDD children (82, 61% males, 52, 39% females), (age 1-9 years). They were assessed by using Griffith Mental Development Scales for (0-2) years and 3-8 years old in locomotors, personal/social, communication, eye and hand co-ordination, performance and practical reasoning. Patients with ASD and non-cooperative behavior were excluded. 75% had developmental delay since birth while 84% had no problem during pregnancy. 22% had birth weight below 2.5 kg. 56% had epilepsy and 57 % had interfamily marriages. 51% were diagnosed cases in the present study. 40% had genetic cause, 25% had metabolic problem, 58% had neuroradiology abnormality and 45% had EEG abnormalities. There a variety of delays in development (speech and language variant, global delay, and the motor variant) noted and are commonly seen in a clinical practice in KFSHD. Longitudinal research beginning in early development will help to understand the developmental domains and neurological comorbidities in these children at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.

scholarly journals Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (21) ◽  
pp. 5356-5365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Lebigre ◽  
Rauno V. Alatalo ◽  
Carl D. Soulsbury ◽  
Jacob Höglund ◽  
Heli Siitari
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Male Group ◽  
Indirect Fitness ◽  
Fitness Benefits

Foraging Strategies of American White Pelicans

Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 120 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair F. McMahon ◽  
Roger M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Group Foraging ◽  
Fish Prey ◽  
Circular Pattern ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Nocturnal Foraging ◽  
Cooperative Foraging ◽  
Effective Group ◽  
American White Pelican

AbstractForaging strategies employed by American white pelicans were studied at a riverine site in Manitoba, Canada, during the breeding season in 1985 and 1986. Six strategies were identified during both diurnal and nocturnal foraging periods. Sit-and-wait was the least common strategy (four instances). Mobile individuals were common but had low rates of bill dipping and prey capture, as did relatively rare and uncoordinated aggregations. A degree of flock coordination occurred in following flocks, characterized by foragers following one after the other, with occasional synchronization of bill dipping among flock members. The largest number of pelicans foraged within more or less circular groups called nuclei. Synchronous bill dipping and apparent herding of prey towards shore were common within nuclei. The most highly coordinated strategy, semicircles, involved small numbers of foragers (2 to 30 birds) that maintained their positions relative to one another, usually in a semicircle but sometimes moving to a closed circular pattern. The greatest degree of synchronized bill dipping occurred in semicircles. Small inter-bird distances and synchronized bill dipping in nuclei and semicircles may enhance their effectiveness in driving or herding clumped fish prey. Foraging strategies could be arranged along a continuum based on degree of coordination, ranging from mobile individuals, then uncoordinated aggregations, through increasing degrees of coordination in following, nuclei, and semicircles. Along this continuum, prey size and capture rats were greatest for the more highly coordinated strategies, while less coordinated strategies appeared to be involved primarily in searching. Switching among strategies fit along the same continuum, with a tendency to switch from less to more coordinated strategies when prey were located and to return to less coordinated search when capture rates declined. Video analysis of captures within large nuclei and observations of positional shifts among foragers in nuclei and following flocks indicated that all individuals within a coordinated group potentially benefited from the presence of others, supporting the view that coordinated foraging strategies in this species are examples of true cooperative foraging. The range of strategies, and interplay among them, appear to provide the American white pelican with a highly effective group foraging system for harvesting mobile, clumped fish prey.

scholarly journals Cooperative foraging during larval stage affects fitness in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Vol 206 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dombrovski ◽  
Rives Kuhar ◽  
Alexandra Mitchell ◽  
Hunter Shelton ◽  
Barry Condron
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Cooperative Foraging

The early development of antenna and antennal sensilla in the noctuid moth, Agrotis segetum (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
Eric Hallberg ◽  
Lina Hansén
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Agrotis Segetum ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Standard Procedures

The antennal rudiments in lepidopterous insects are present as disks during the larval stage. The tubular double-walled antennal disk is present beneath the larval antenna, and its inner layer gives rise to the adult antenna during the pupal stage. The sensilla develop from a cluster of cells that are derived from one stem cell, which gives rise to both sensory and enveloping cells. During the morphogenesis of the sensillum these cells undergo major transformations, including cell death. In the moth Agrotis segetum the pupal stage lasts about 14 days (temperature, 25°C). The antennae, clearly seen from the exterior, were dissected and fixed according to standard procedures (3 % glutaraldehyde in 0.15 M cacaodylate buffer, followed by 1 % osmiumtetroxide in the same buffer). Pupae from day 1 to day 8, of both sexes were studied.

Using parental questionnaires to identify developmental delay

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (09) ◽  
pp. 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Emond ◽  
J Clare Bell ◽  
Jon Heron
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Delay

Does the Name-Race Implicit Association Test Measure Racial Prejudice?

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don van Ravenzwaaij ◽  
Han L. J. van der Maas ◽  
Eric-Jan Wagenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Model Decomposition ◽  
Test Measure

Research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has shown that names labeled as Caucasian elicit more positive associations than names labeled as non-Caucasian. One interpretation of this result is that the IAT measures latent racial prejudice. An alternative explanation is that the result is due to differences in in-group/out-group membership. In this study, we conducted three different IATs: one with same-race Dutch names versus racially charged Moroccan names; one with same-race Dutch names versus racially neutral Finnish names; and one with Moroccan names versus Finnish names. Results showed equivalent effects for the Dutch-Moroccan and Dutch-Finnish IATs, but no effect for the Finnish-Moroccan IAT. This suggests that the name-race IAT-effect is not due to racial prejudice. A diffusion model decomposition indicated that the IAT-effects were caused by changes in speed of information accumulation, response conservativeness, and non-decision time.

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