scholarly journals Gonads or body? Differences in gonadal and somatic photoperiodic growth response in two vole species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura van Rosmalen ◽  
Jayme van Dalum ◽  
David G. Hazlerigg ◽  
Roelof A. Hut
Keyword(s):  
Common Vole ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Iodothyronine Deiodinase ◽  
Gonadal Growth ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Vole Species

AbstractTo optimally time reproduction, seasonal mammals use a photoperiodic neuroendocrine system (PNES) that measures photoperiod and subsequently drives reproduction. To adapt to late spring arrival at northern latitudes, a lower photoperiodic sensitivity and therefore a higher critical photoperiod for reproductive onset is necessary in northern species to arrest reproductive development until spring onset. Temperature-photoperiod relationships, and hence food availability-photoperiod relationships, are highly latitude dependent. Therefore, we predict PNES sensitivity characteristics to be latitude-dependent. Here, we investigated photoperiodic responses at different times during development in northern- (tundra/root vole, Microtus oeconomus) and southern vole species (common vole, Microtus arvalis) exposed to constant short (SP) or long photoperiod (LP).M. oeconomus grows faster under LP, whereas no photoperiodic effect on somatic growth is observed in M. arvalis. Contrastingly, gonadal growth is more sensitive to photoperiod in M. arvalis, suggesting that photoperiodic responses in somatic and gonadal growth can be plastic, and might be regulated through different mechanisms. In both species, thyroid-stimulating-hormone-β subunit (Tshβ) and iodothyronine-deiodinase 2 (Dio2) expression is highly increased under LP, whereas Tshr and Dio3 decreases under LP. High Tshr levels in voles raised under SP may lead to increased sensitivity to increasing photoperiods later in life. The higher photoperiodic induced Tshr response in M. oeconomus suggests that the northern vole species might be more sensitive to TSH when raised under SP.Species differences in developmental programming of the PNES, which is dependent on photoperiod early in development, may form part divergent breeding strategies evolving as part of latitudinal adaptation.Summary statementDevelopment of the neuroendocrine system driving photoperiodic responses in gonadal and somatic growth differ between the common and the tundra vole, indicating that they use a different breeding strategy.

scholarly journals Gonads or body? Differences in gonadal and somatic photoperiodic growth response in two vole species

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (20) ◽  
pp. jeb230987
Author(s):  
Laura van Rosmalen ◽  
Jayme van Dalum ◽  
David G. Hazlerigg ◽  
Roelof A. Hut
Keyword(s):  
Common Vole ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodothyronine Deiodinase ◽  
Gonadal Growth ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Vole Species ◽  
The Common ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

ABSTRACTTo optimally time reproduction, seasonal mammals use a photoperiodic neuroendocrine system (PNES) that measures photoperiod and subsequently drives reproduction. To adapt to late spring arrival at northern latitudes, a lower photoperiodic sensitivity and therefore a higher critical photoperiod for reproductive onset is necessary in northern species to arrest reproductive development until spring onset. Temperature–photoperiod relationships, and hence food availability–photoperiod relationships, are highly latitude dependent. Therefore, we predict PNES sensitivity characteristics to be latitude dependent. Here, we investigated photoperiodic responses at different times during development in northern (tundra or root vole, Microtus oeconomus) and southern vole species (common vole, Microtus arvalis) exposed to constant short (SP) or long photoperiod (LP). Although the tundra vole grows faster under LP, no photoperiodic effect on somatic growth is observed in the common vole. In contrast, gonadal growth is more sensitive to photoperiod in the common vole, suggesting that photoperiodic responses in somatic and gonadal growth can be plastic, and might be regulated through different mechanisms. In both species, thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit (Tshβ) and iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (Dio2) expression is highly increased under LP, whereas Tshr and Dio3 decrease under LP. High Tshr levels in voles raised under SP may lead to increased sensitivity to increasing photoperiods later in life. The higher photoperiodic-induced Tshr response in tundra voles suggests that the northern vole species might be more sensitive to thyroid-stimulating hormone when raised under SP. In conclusion, species differences in developmental programming of the PNES, which is dependent on photoperiod early in development, may form different breeding strategies as part of latitudinal adaptation.

Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Somatic and Gonadal Growth of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) from Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 989-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Tanasschuk ◽  
W. C. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Gonadal Growth ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

A yellow perch (Perca flavescens) population from a shallow eutrophic north temperate lake was sampled 10 times between March 1976 and June 1977 to determine the characteristics of somatic and gonadal growth. Quantitatively, somatic growth differed in timing and extent among age-sex groups. One + males and females grew mostly in June whereas 2 + males grew mainly in July; 2 + females grew from June through September. Two + males grew less over the year than did the other age-sex groups. The qualitative characteristics of somatic growth were not influenced by sex or maturation. The timing of gonadal growth and the associated endogenous energy utilization differed between the sexes. One + females did not mature. Testes grew in late summer (August). There was no impact of gonad development on somatic composition of 1 + males whereas 2 + males appeared to use visceral fat. Gonadal growth for 2 + females began in August and continued through March and presumably to spawning in April; somatic lipid was depleted during ovarian growth.

Reproductive patterns and energy management strategies of females of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis with short reproductive seasons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustina Marciano ◽  
Laura Susana López-Greco ◽  
Karine Delevati Colpo
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Reproductive Season ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Income Breeding ◽  
Size Number

Reproduction is a costly process that depends on the management of available resources. Here, we aimed to understand the energetic strategies of females of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis (Nobili 1901), in a population with short reproductive seasons. For this, we developed an integrated approach to recognize the brooding time, spawning pattern modulated by female size, number of spawns per female, and content of reserves in the ovary and hepatopancreas. Based on the condition of the ovary and hepatopancreas, the reproductive season was divided into three periods. In each of these periods, it was possible to record a spawning event, which was mainly represented by large females. Most of the females had one spawn during the breeding season, and only large females had two spawns, with an interval of approximately two months. We propose that L. uruguayensis presents a mixed capital-income breeding strategy associated with the female size and period of the reproductive season. We conclude that large females make the greatest reproductive effort for the population, because they can have two spawns, whereas medium and small females make a low contribution because they are still investing energy in somatic growth to increase fecundity in the next reproductive season.

Genetic variation in photoperiodism among naturally photoperiodic rat strains

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (6) ◽  
pp. R1817-R1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annaka M. Lorincz ◽  
M. Benjamin Shoemaker ◽  
Paul D. Heideman
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Long Photoperiod

Rattus norvegicus has been considered nonphotoperiodic, but Fischer 344 (F344) rats are inhibited in growth and reproductive development by short photoperiod (SD). We tested photoresponsiveness of the genetically divergent Brown Norway (BN) strain of rats. Peripubertal males were tested in long photoperiod or SD, with or without 30% food reduction. Young males were photoresponsive, with reductions in testis size, body mass, and food intake in SD and with enhanced responses to SD when food restricted. Photoperiods ≤11 h of light inhibited reproductive maturation and somatic growth, whereas photoperiods of 12 h or more produced little or no response. F344/BN hybrids differ from both parent strains in the timing, amplitude, and critical photoperiod of photoperiodic responses, indicating genetic differences in photoperiodism between these strains. This is consistent with the hypothesis that ancestors of laboratory rats were genetically variable for photoperiodism and that different combinations of alleles for photoperiodism have been fixed in different strains of rats.

Aging of the neuroendocrine system: Impaired neuropeptide control of thyroid stimulating hormone

AGE ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-38
Author(s):  
Theodor J. Theodoropolous ◽  
Miguel A. Pappolla
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

scholarly journals Food and temperature change photoperiodic responses in two vole species: different roles for hypothalamic genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura van Rosmalen ◽  
Roelof A. Hut
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Pars Tuberalis ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Save Energy

AbstractSeasonal timing of reproduction in voles is driven by photoperiod. Here we hypothesize that a negative energy balance can modify spring-programmed photoperiodic responses in the hypothalamus, controlling reproductive organ development. We manipulated energy balance by the ‘work-for-food’ protocol, in which voles were exposed to increasing levels of food scarcity at different ambient temperatures under long photoperiod. We reveal that common (Microtus arvalis) and tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus), reduce photoperiodic induced pars tuberalis thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit (Tshβ) expression to inhibit gonadal development when food is scarce. Reduction in gonadal size is more pronounced in tundra voles, in which the hypothalamic Kisspeptin (Kiss1) system seems involved in downregulating gonadal development, especially in males. Low temperature additionally leads to decreased hypothalamic RF-amide related peptide (Rfrp3) levels, which may facilitate further suppression of gonadal growth. Shutting off the photoperiodic-axis when food is scarce in spring may be an adaptive response to save energy, leading to delayed reproductive organ development until food resources are sufficient for reproduction, lactation and offspring survival. Defining the mechanisms through which metabolic cues modify photoperiodic responses will be important for a better understanding of how environmental cues impact reproduction.Summary statementThis study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanism through which metabolic cues can modify photoperiodic responses, to adaptively adjust timing of reproductive organ development

scholarly journals Differential temperature effects on photoperiodism in female voles: An explanation for species-specific declines in vole populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura van Rosmalen ◽  
Bernd Riedstra ◽  
Nico Beemster ◽  
Cor Dijkstra ◽  
Roelof Hut
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Common Vole ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Vole Species ◽  
Common Voles ◽  
Species Specific

Many mammalian species use photoperiod as a predictive cue to time seasonal reproduction. In addition, metabolic effects on the reproductive axis may also influence seasonal timing, especially in female small, short-lived mammals. To get a better understanding of how annual cycling environmental cues impact reproductive function and plasticity in small, short-lived herbivores with different geographic origins, we investigated the mechanisms underlying integration of temperature in the photoperiodic-axis regulating female reproduction in a Northern vole species (tundra vole, Microtus oeconomus) and in a Southern vole species (common vole, Microtus arvalis). We show that photoperiod and temperature interact to determine appropriate physiological responses; there is species-dependent annual variation in the sensitivity to temperature for reproductive organ development. In common voles, temperature can overrule photoperiodical spring-programmed responses, with reproductive organ mass being higher at 10°C than at 21°C, whereas in autumn they are less sensitive to temperature. These findings are in line with our census data, showing an earlier onset of spring reproduction in cold springs, while reproductive offset in autumn is synchronized to photoperiod. The reproductive organs of tundra voles were relatively insensitive to temperature, whereas hypothalamic gene expression was generally upregulated at 10°C. Thus, both vole species use photoperiod, whereas only common voles use temperature as a cue to control spring reproduction, which indicates species-specific reproductive strategies. Due to global warming, spring reproduction in common voles will be delayed, perhaps resulting in shorter breeding seasons and thus declining populations, as observed throughout Europe.

scholarly journals Food and temperature change photoperiodic responses in two vole species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura van Rosmalen ◽  
Roelof A. Hut
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Pars Tuberalis ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Save Energy

Seasonal timing of reproduction in voles is driven by photoperiod. Here we hypothesize that a negative energy balance can modify spring-programmed photoperiodic responses in the hypothalamus, controlling reproductive organ development. We manipulated energy balance by the ‘work-for-food’ protocol, in which voles were exposed to increasing levels of food scarcity at different ambient temperatures under long photoperiod. We reveal that in common voles (Microtus arvalis) and tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus), photoperiodic induced pars tuberalis thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit (Tshβ) expression is reduced to potentially inhibit gonadal development when food is scarce. Reduction in gonadal size is more pronounced in tundra voles, in which anterior hypothalamic Kiss1 is additionally downregulated, especially in males. Low temperature additionally leads to decreased hypothalamic Rfrp expression, which potentially may facilitate further suppression of gonadal growth. Shutting off the photoperiodic-axis when food is scarce in spring may be an adaptive response to save energy, leading to delayed reproductive organ development until food resources are sufficient for reproduction, lactation and offspring survival. Defining the mechanisms through which metabolic cues modify photoperiodic responses will be important for a better understanding of how environmental cues impact reproduction.

Dietary neem oil and nonylphenol accelerate somatic growth by suppressing sex steroids mediated gonadal growth in reproductively active Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta Jana ◽  
Narottam P. Sahu ◽  
Subrata Dasgupta ◽  
Gyandeep Gupta ◽  
Saumya K. Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Gonadal Growth ◽  
Labeo Bata

An immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study of the hyt mouse anterior pituitary gland

1986 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Noguchi ◽  
M. Kudo ◽  
T. Sugisaki ◽  
I. Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Mutant Mouse ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone

ABSTRACT The hyt mutant mouse used in this study has a hypoplastic thyroid gland and is characterized by retarded somatic growth, very low to undetectable levels of plasma thyroxine (T4), and increased levels of plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This congenital hypothyroid mouse is therefore an ideal model for studying the effects of thyroid hypofunction on the adenohypophysis. The anterior pituitary of the hyt mouse appeared less granular than that of the normal control when viewed by light microscopy, owing to a decrease in the population of somatotrophs. Many cells, in various stages of transformation into 'thyroidectomy cells', were recognized by the appearance of the characteristic granules and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. In some cases, the enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum also contained spherical electron-dense secretory granules. In addition there were many cells undergoing mitosis and these were identified as thyrotrophs by their characteristic granules. Administration of T4 during the first 40 days of life prevented the abnormal changes in the hyt anterior pituitary. A reduction in immunoreactive thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) levels was seen in the median eminence of the hyt mouse. Treatment with T4 restored this to normal, suggesting that the reduced TRH content of the hypothalamus of the mutant mouse may be due to T4 deprivation. J. Endocr. (1986) 109, 163–168

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