scholarly journals Striatal circuits support broadly opponent aspects of action suppression and production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno F. Cruz ◽  
Sofia Soares ◽  
Joseph J. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Dorsolateral Striatum ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Over Time

SummaryImbalance between action suppression and production characterizes several basal ganglia (BG) disorders. Relatedly, the direct and indirect pathways of the BG are hypothesized to promote and suppress actions, respectively. Yet striatal direct (dMSNs) and indirect (iMSNs) medium spiny neurons are coactive around movement, apparently contradicting direct-indirect functional opponency. In the dorsolateral striatum of mice, we observed coactivation around movements, but elevated and diminished activity of iMSNs and dMSNs, respectively, during action suppression. Furthermore, relative activity of the two hemispheres evolved in opposite directions in the two pathways as the need to suppress movements to either side of the body developed over time. Lastly, optogenetic inhibition experiments revealed the necessity of iMSNs but not dMSNs for the proactive suppression of specific actions, and dMSNs but not iMSNs for generalized action vigor. These data demonstrate distinct yet still broadly opponent roles for the direct and indirect pathways in behavioral control.

Golgi study of medium spiny neurons from dorsolateral striatum of the turtle Trachemys scripta elegans

2013 ◽  
Vol 556 ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina González ◽  
Janeth Mendoza ◽  
María Rosa Avila-Costa ◽  
Juan M. Arias ◽  
Jaime Barral
Keyword(s):  
Trachemys Scripta ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Golgi Study ◽  
Trachemys Scripta Elegans ◽  
Dorsolateral Striatum ◽  
Spiny Neurons

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Pathway Neurons in Ventrolateral Striatum Differentially Regulate Licking Movement and Nigral Responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaorong Chen ◽  
Zhi-Yu Zhang ◽  
Taorong Xie ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Yaping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Tongue Protrusion ◽  
D1 And D2 Receptors ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Output Neurons

SUMMARYDrinking behavior in rodents is characterized by stereotyped, rhythmic licking movement, which is regulated by the basal ganglia. It is unclear how direct and indirect pathways control the lick bout and individual lick event. We find that inactivating D1 and D2 receptors-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the ventrolateral striatum (VLS) oppositely alters the number of licks in a bout. D1- and D2-MSNs exhibit similar patterns of lick sequence-related activity but different phases of oscillation time-locked to the lick cycle. On timescale of a lick cycle, transient inactivation of D1-MSNs during tongue protrusion reduces lick probability, whereas transient inactivation of D2-MSNs has no effect. On timescale of a lick bout, inactivation of D1-MSNs (D2-MSNs) causes rate increase (decrease) in a subset of basal ganglia output neurons that decrease firing during licking. Our results reveal the distinct roles of D1- and D2-MSNs in regulating licking at both coarse and fine timescales.

scholarly journals Origins of basal ganglia output signals in singing juvenile birds

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgane Pidoux ◽  
Tejapratap Bollu ◽  
Tori Riccelli ◽  
Jesse H. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Corticostriatal Inputs ◽  
Fast Spiking ◽  
Output Neurons ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Complex Circuits

Across species, complex circuits inside the basal ganglia (BG) converge on pallidal output neurons that exhibit movement-locked firing patterns. Yet the origins of these firing patterns remain poorly understood. In songbirds during vocal babbling, BG output neurons homologous to those found in the primate internal pallidal segment are uniformly activated in the tens of milliseconds prior to syllable onsets. To test the origins of this remarkably homogenous BG output signal, we recorded from diverse upstream BG cell types during babbling. Prior to syllable onsets, at the same time that internal pallidal segment-like neurons were activated, putative medium spiny neurons, fast spiking and tonically active interneurons also exhibited transient rate increases. In contrast, pallidal neurons homologous to those found in primate external pallidal segment exhibited transient rate decreases. To test origins of these signals, we performed recordings following lesion of corticostriatal inputs from premotor nucleus HVC. HVC lesions largely abolished these syllable-locked signals. Altogether, these findings indicate a striking homogeneity of syllable timing signals in the songbird BG during babbling and are consistent with a role for the indirect and hyperdirect pathways in transforming cortical inputs into BG outputs during an exploratory behavior.

scholarly journals Direct pathway neurons in mouse dorsolateral striatum in vivo receive stronger synaptic input than indirect pathway neurons

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 2294-2303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Filipović ◽  
Maya Ketzef ◽  
Ramon Reig ◽  
Ad Aertsen ◽  
Gilad Silberberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Potential Fluctuations ◽  
Direct Pathway ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Membrane Potential Fluctuations

Striatal projection neurons, the medium spiny neurons (MSNs), play a crucial role in various motor and cognitive functions. MSNs express either D1- or D2-type dopamine receptors and initiate the direct-pathway (dMSNs) or indirect pathways (iMSNs) of the basal ganglia, respectively. dMSNs have been shown to receive more inhibition than iMSNs from intrastriatal sources. Based on these findings, computational modeling of the striatal network has predicted that under healthy conditions dMSNs should receive more total input than iMSNs. To test this prediction, we analyzed in vivo whole cell recordings from dMSNs and iMSNs in healthy and dopamine-depleted (6OHDA) anaesthetized mice. By comparing their membrane potential fluctuations, we found that dMSNs exhibited considerably larger membrane potential fluctuations over a wide frequency range. Furthermore, by comparing the spike-triggered average membrane potentials, we found that dMSNs depolarized toward the spike threshold significantly faster than iMSNs did. Together, these findings (in particular the STA analysis) corroborate the theoretical prediction that direct-pathway MSNs receive stronger total input than indirect-pathway neurons. Finally, we found that dopamine-depleted mice exhibited no difference between the membrane potential fluctuations of dMSNs and iMSNs. These data provide new insights into the question of how the lack of dopamine may lead to behavioral deficits associated with Parkinson’s disease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia originate from the D1- and D2-type dopamine receptor expressing medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs). Theoretical results have predicted that dMSNs should receive stronger synaptic input than iMSNs. Using in vivo intracellular membrane potential data, we provide evidence that dMSNs indeed receive stronger input than iMSNs, as has been predicted by the computational model.

Nicotine-induced and D1-receptor-dependent dendritic remodeling in a subset of dorsolateral striatum medium spiny neurons

Neuroscience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 356 ◽  
pp. 242-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Ehlinger ◽  
Julian C. Burke ◽  
Craig G. McDonald ◽  
Robert F. Smith ◽  
Hadley C. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Dorsolateral Striatum ◽  
Spiny Neurons

scholarly journals Opposing roles for striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons in dorsolateral striatum in consolidating new instrumental actions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. W. Smith ◽  
Sietse Jonkman ◽  
Alexandra G. Difeliceantonio ◽  
Richard M. O’Connor ◽  
Soham Ghoshal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lever Press ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Dorsolateral Striatum ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
New Learning ◽  
The Brain

AbstractComparatively little is known about how new instrumental actions are encoded in the brain. Using whole-brain c-Fos mapping, we show that neural activity is increased in the anterior dorsolateral striatum (aDLS) of mice that successfully learn a new lever-press response to earn food rewards. Post-learning chemogenetic inhibition of aDLS disrupts consolidation of the new instrumental response. Similarly, post-learning infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the aDLS disrupts consolidation of the new response. Activity of D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) increases and D2-MSNs activity decreases in the aDLS during consolidation. Chemogenetic inhibition of D1-MSNs in aDLS disrupts the consolidation process whereas D2-MSN inhibition strengthens consolidation but blocks the expression of previously learned habit-like responses. These findings suggest that D1-MSNs in the aDLS encode new instrumental actions whereas D2-MSNs oppose this new learning and instead promote expression of habitual actions.

scholarly journals Neuro-Immune Cross-Talk in the Striatum: From Basal Ganglia Physiology to Circuit Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Mancini ◽  
Veronica Ghiglieri ◽  
Lucilla Parnetti ◽  
Paolo Calabresi ◽  
Massimiliano Di Filippo
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Pathogenic Factor ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Subcortical Nuclei ◽  
Neuronal Transmission

The basal ganglia network is represented by an interconnected group of subcortical nuclei traditionally thought to play a crucial role in motor learning and movement execution. During the last decades, knowledge about basal ganglia physiology significantly evolved and this network is now considered as a key regulator of important cognitive and emotional processes. Accordingly, the disruption of basal ganglia network dynamics represents a crucial pathogenic factor in many neurological and psychiatric disorders. The striatum is the input station of the circuit. Thanks to the synaptic properties of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and their ability to express synaptic plasticity, the striatum exerts a fundamental integrative and filtering role in the basal ganglia network, influencing the functional output of the whole circuit. Although it is currently established that the immune system is able to regulate neuronal transmission and plasticity in specific cortical areas, the role played by immune molecules and immune/glial cells in the modulation of intra-striatal connections and basal ganglia activity still needs to be clarified. In this manuscript, we review the available evidence of immune-based regulation of synaptic activity in the striatum, also discussing how an abnormal immune activation in this region could be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and degenerative central nervous system (CNS) diseases.

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