SARS-CoV-2 Innate Effector Associations and Viral Load in Early Nasopharyngeal Infection

AbstractTo examine innate immune responses in early SARS-CoV-2 infection that may change clinical outcomes, we compared nasopharyngeal swab data from 20 virus-positive and 20 virus-negative individuals. Multiple innate immune-related and ACE-2 transcripts increased with infection and were strongly associated with increasing viral load. We found widespread discrepancies between transcription and translation. Interferon proteins were unchanged or decreased in infected samples suggesting virally-induced shut-off of host anti-viral protein responses. However, IP-10 and several interferon-stimulated gene proteins increased with viral load. Older age was associated with modifications of some effects. Our findings may characterize the disrupted immune landscape of early disease.

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Innate Immune Responses to Human Malaria: Heterogeneous Cytokine Responses to Blood-Stage Plasmodium falciparum Correlate with Parasitological and Clinical Outcomes

The Journal of Immunology ◽

10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5736 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 177 (8) ◽

pp. 5736-5745 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Michael Walther ◽

John Woodruff ◽

Fanny Edele ◽

David Jeffries ◽

Jon E. Tongren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Blood Stage ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Human Malaria ◽

Cytokine Responses

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Two ways to induce innate immune responses in human PBMCs: Paracrine stimulation of IFN-α responses by viral protein or dsRNA

International Journal of Oncology ◽

10.3892/ijo.23.3.673 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Philippe Fournier ◽

Jinyang Zeng ◽

Volker Schirrmacher

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Viral Protein ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Human Pbmcs ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Stimulation Of

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Oral Immune Activation by Disgust and Disease-Related Pictures

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000143 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 119-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Richard J. Stevenson ◽

Deborah Hodgson ◽

Megan J. Oaten ◽

Luba Sominsky ◽

Mehmet Mahmut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Negative Control ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Immune Markers ◽

Before And After ◽

Secondary Analyses ◽

Image Set

Abstract. Both disgust and disease-related images appear able to induce an innate immune response but it is unclear whether these effects are independent or rely upon a common shared factor (e.g., disgust or disease-related cognitions). In this study we directly compared these two inductions using specifically generated sets of images. One set was disease-related but evoked little disgust, while the other set was disgust evoking but with less disease-relatedness. These two image sets were then compared to a third set, a negative control condition. Using a wholly within-subject design, participants viewed one image set per week, and provided saliva samples, before and after each viewing occasion, which were later analyzed for innate immune markers. We found that both the disease related and disgust images, relative to the negative control images, were not able to generate an innate immune response. However, secondary analyses revealed innate immune responses in participants with greater propensity to feel disgust following exposure to disease-related and disgusting images. These findings suggest that disgust images relatively free of disease-related themes, and disease-related images relatively free of disgust may be suboptimal cues for generating an innate immune response. Not only may this explain why disgust propensity mediates these effects, it may also imply a common pathway.

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