scholarly journals Sound disrupts sleep-associated brain oscillations in rodents according to its meaning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp van Kronenberg ◽  
Linus Milinski ◽  
Zoë Kruschke ◽  
Livia de Hoz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sensory Gating ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Fast Decrease ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Eeg Power ◽  
Danger Detection

SummarySleep is essential but poses a risk to the animal. Filtering acoustic information according to its relevance, a process generally known as sensory gating, is crucial during sleep to ensure a balance between rest and danger detection. The mechanisms of this sensory gating and its specificity are not understood. Here, we tested the effect that sounds of different meaning had on sleep-associated ongoing oscillations. We recorded EEG and EMG from mice during rapid-eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep while presenting sounds with or without behavioural relevance. We found that sound presentation per se, in the form of an unfamiliar neutral sound, elicited a weak or no change in the sleep-dependent EEG power during NREM and REM sleep. In contrast, the presentation of a sound previously conditioned in an aversive task, elicited a clear and fast decrease in the sleep-dependent EEG power during both sleep phases, suggesting a transition to lighter sleep without awakening. The observed changes generally weakened over training days and were not present in animals that failed to learn. Interestingly, the effect could be generalized to unfamiliar neutral sounds if presented following conditioned training, an effect that depended on sleep phase and sound type. The data demonstrate that sounds are differentially gated during sleep depending on their meaning and that this process is reflected in disruption of sleep-associated brain oscillations without an effect on behavioural arousal.

scholarly journals Quantitative electroencephalography measures in rapid eye movement and nonrapid eye movement sleep are associated with apnea–hypopnea index and nocturnal hypoxemia in men

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L Appleton ◽  
Andrew Vakulin ◽  
Angela D’Rozario ◽  
Andrew D Vincent ◽  
Alison Teare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
Nocturnal Hypoxemia ◽  
Eeg Power

AbstractStudy ObjectivesQuantitative electroencephalography (EEG) measures of sleep may identify vulnerability to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) sequelae, however, small clinical studies of sleep microarchitecture in OSA show inconsistent alterations. We examined relationships between quantitative EEG measures during rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep and OSA severity among a large population-based sample of men while accounting for insomnia.MethodsAll-night EEG (F4-M1) recordings from full in-home polysomnography (Embletta X100) in 664 men with no prior OSA diagnosis (age ≥ 40) were processed following exclusion of artifacts. Power spectral analysis included non-REM and REM sleep computed absolute EEG power for delta, theta, alpha, sigma, and beta frequency ranges, total power (0.5–32 Hz) and EEG slowing ratio.ResultsApnea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥10/h was present in 51.2% (severe OSA [AHI ≥ 30/h] 11.6%). In mixed effects regressions, AHI was positively associated with EEG slowing ratio and EEG power across all frequency bands in REM sleep (all p < 0.05); and with beta power during NREM sleep (p = 0.06). Similar associations were observed with oxygen desaturation index (3%). Percentage total sleep time with oxygen saturation <90% was only significantly associated with increased delta, theta, and alpha EEG power in REM sleep. No associations with subjective sleepiness were observed.ConclusionsIn a large sample of community-dwelling men, OSA was significantly associated with increased EEG power and EEG slowing predominantly in REM sleep, independent of insomnia. Further study is required to assess if REM EEG slowing related to nocturnal hypoxemia is more sensitive than standard PSG indices or sleepiness in predicting cognitive decline.

scholarly journals 0141 A Novel, Orally Available Orexin 2 Receptor-Selective Agonist, TAK-994, Shows Wake-Promoting Effects Following Chronic Dosing in an Orexin-Deficient Narcolepsy Mouse Model

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A56-A56
Author(s):  
T Ishikawa ◽  
M Suzuki ◽  
H Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Selective Agonist

Abstract Introduction The use of an orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) agonist may be a promising approach for the treatment of narcolepsy type 1. TAK-994 is a novel, orally available OX2R-selective agonist with &gt;700-fold selectivity against orexin 1 receptor. Single administration of TAK-994 ameliorates narcolepsy-like symptoms such as fragmentation of wakefulness and cataplexy-like episodes in orexin/ataxin-3 mice, a narcolepsy mouse model with orexin deficiency. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic dosing with TAK-994 on sleep/wakefulness states in orexin/ataxin-3 mice. Methods Orexin/ataxin-3 mice were grouped into two cohorts: a control group and a 14-day treatment group. In the control group, vehicle was administered orally to mice three times a day: zeitgeber time 12 (ZT12), ZT15 and ZT18, for 14 days. In the 14-day treatment group, TAK-994 was administered orally to mice at ZT12, ZT15 and ZT18 for 14 days. Electroencephalogram/electromyogram analysis was performed on day 1 and day 14 (ZT12-ZT21), and the subsequent sleep phase (ZT0-ZT10). Results On day 1, TAK-994 significantly increased wakefulness time, accompanied by a decrease in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, in orexin/ataxin-3 mice compared with the control group. On day 14, TAK-994 also significantly increased wakefulness time, and decreased NREM sleep time and REM sleep time in orexin/ataxin-3 mice. There were no changes in the time spent in wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM sleep during the subsequent sleep phase after chronic dosing with TAK-994. Conclusion Wake-promoting effects of TAK-994 were observed following chronic dosing for up to 14 days in orexin/ataxin-3 mice with no rebound of sleep. Overall, there was no clear difference in efficacy between the single and repeated administration of TAK-994 in orexin/ataxin-3 mice. Support This work was conducted by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.

scholarly journals Oscillatory population-level activity of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons sculpts sleep structure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomonobu Kato ◽  
Yasue Mitsukura ◽  
Masaru Mimura ◽  
Norio Takata ◽  
Kenji F Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Dorsal Raphe ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Eeg Power ◽  
Dorsal Raphé

Dorsal raphe (DR) 5HT neurons are involved in regulating sleep/wake transitions. Previous studies demonstrated that single unit activity of DR 5HT neurons is high during wakefulness, decreases during non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and ceases during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, characteristics of the population level activity of DR 5HT neurons, which can influence the entire brain, are largely unknown. Here we measured population activities of 5 HT neurons in male and female mouse DR across the sleep/wake cycle by a ratiometric fiber photometry system. We found a slow oscillatory activity of compound intracellular Ca2+ signals during NREM sleep. The trough of concave 5HT activity increased along with sleep progression, but the 5HT activity level always returned to that seen in wake periods. When the trough reached the minimum level and remained there, REM sleep initiated. We also found a unique coupling of the oscillatory 5HT activity and EEG power fluctuation, suggesting that EEG fluctuation is a proxy for 5HT activity. Optogenetic activation of 5HT neurons during NREM sleep triggered a high EMG power and induced wakefulness. Optogenetic inhibition induced REM sleep or sustained NREM with an EEG power increase and EEG fluctuation. These manipulations demonstrated a causal role of DR 5HT neurons in sculpting sleep/wake structure. We also observed EEG fluctuations in human males during NREM sleep, implicating the existence of 5HT oscillatory activity in humans. We propose that NREM sleep is not a monotonous state, but that it is dynamically regulated by the oscillatory population activity of DR 5HT neurons.

Heterogeneous activity level of jaw-closing and -opening muscles and its association with arousal levels during sleep in the guinea pig

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. R34-R42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Kato ◽  
Yuji Masuda ◽  
Hayato Kanayama ◽  
Norimasa Nakamura ◽  
Atsushi Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Jaw Muscles ◽  
High Activity Level ◽  
Motor Activities

Exaggerated jaw motor activities during sleep are associated with muscle symptoms in the jaw-closing rather than the jaw-opening muscles. The intrinsic activity of antagonistic jaw muscles during sleep remains unknown. This study aims to assess the balance of muscle activity between masseter (MA) and digastric (DG) muscles during sleep in guinea pigs. Electroencephalogram (EEG), electroocculogram, and electromyograms (EMGs) of dorsal neck, MA, and DG muscles were recorded with video during sleep-wake cycles. These variables were quantified for each 10-s epoch. The magnitude of muscle activity during sleep in relation to mean EMG activity of total wakefulness was up to three times higher for MA muscle than for DG muscle for nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Although the activity level of the two jaw muscles fluctuated during sleep, the ratio of activity level for each epoch was not proportional. Epochs with a high activity level for each muscle were associated with a decrease in δEEG power and/or an increase in heart rate in NREM sleep. However, this association with heart rate and activity levels was not observed in REM sleep. These results suggest that in guinea pigs, the magnitude of muscle activity for antagonistic jaw muscles is heterogeneously modulated during sleep, characterized by a high activity level in the jaw-closing muscle. Fluctuations in the activity are influenced by transient arousal levels in NREM sleep but, in REM sleep, the distinct controls may contribute to the fluctuation. The above intrinsic characteristics could underlie the exaggeration of jaw motor activities during sleep (e.g., sleep bruxism).

Sleep Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽  
Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Mechanism

Recent research has generated an enormous fund of knowledge about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Sleeping and waking brain circuits can now be studied by sophisticated neuroimaging techniques that map different areas of the brain during different sleep states and stages. Although the exact biologic functions of sleep are not known, sleep is essential, and sleep deprivation leads to impaired attention and decreased performance. Sleep is also believed to have restorative, conservative, adaptive, thermoregulatory, and consolidative functions. This review discusses the physiology of sleep, including its two independent states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, as well as functional neuroanatomy, physiologic changes during sleep, and circadian rhythms. The classification and diagnosis of sleep disorders are discussed generally. The diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders are described: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy sydrome, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, insomnias, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and parasomnias. Sleep-related movement disorders and the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders are also discussed. Tables describe behavioral and physiologic characteristics of states of awareness, the international classification of sleep disorders, common sleep complaints, comorbid insomnia disorders, causes of excessive daytime somnolence, laboratory tests to assess sleep disorders, essential diagnostic criteria for RLS and Willis-Ekbom disease, and drug therapy for insomnia. Figures include polysomnographic recording showing wakefulness in an adult; stage 1, 2, and 3 NREM sleep in an adult; REM sleep in an adult; a patient with sleep apnea syndrome; a patient with Cheyne-Stokes breathing; a patient with RLS; and a patient with dream-enacting behavior; schematic sagittal section of the brainstem of the cat; schematic diagram of the McCarley-Hobson model of REM sleep mechanism; the Lu-Saper “flip-flop” model; the Luppi model to explain REM sleep mechanism; and a wrist actigraph from a man with bipolar disorder. This review contains 14 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 115 references, and 5 MCQs.

Opioids cause dissociated states of consciousness in C57BL/6J mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B O'Brien ◽  
Clarence E Locklear ◽  
Zachary T Glovak ◽  
Diana Zebadúa Unzaga ◽  
Helen A Baghdoyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Organization Of Sleep ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
Surgical Recovery ◽  
Eeg Power ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

The electroencephalogram (EEG) provides an objective, neural correlate of consciousness. Opioid receptors modulate mammalian neuronal excitability, and this fact was used to characterize how opioids administered to mice alter EEG power and states of consciousness. The present study tested the hypothesis that antinociceptive doses of fentanyl, morphine, or buprenorphine differentially alter the EEG and states of sleep and wakefulness in adult, male C57BL/6J mice. Mice were anesthetized and implanted with telemeters that enabled wireless recordings of cortical EEG and electromyogram (EMG). After surgical recovery, EEG and EMG were used to objectively score states of consciousness as wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, or non-REM (NREM) sleep. Measures of EEG power (dB) were quantified as delta (0.5 to 4 Hz), theta (4 to 8 Hz), alpha (8 to 13 Hz), sigma (12 to 15 Hz), beta (13 to 30 Hz), and gamma (30 to 60 Hz). Compared to saline (control), fentanyl and morphine decreased NREM sleep, morphine eliminated REM sleep, and buprenorphine eliminated NREM sleep and REM sleep. Opioids significantly and differentially disrupted the temporal organization of sleep/wake states, altered specific EEG frequency bands, and caused dissociated states of consciousness. The results are discussed relative to the fact that opioids, pain, and sleep modulate interacting states of consciousness.

Vigilance states, EEG spectra, and cortical temperature in the guinea pig

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. R1125-R1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Tobler ◽  
P. Franken ◽  
K. Jaggi
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Recording Time ◽  
Cortical Temperature ◽  
Eeg Power

Vigilance states, electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra (0.25-25.0 Hz), and cortical temperature (TCRT) were obtained in nine guinea pigs for 24 h in a 12:12-h light-dark (LD 12:12) schedule. Sleep was markedly polyphasic and fragmented and amounted to 32% of recording time, which is a low value compared with sleep in other rodents. There was 6.8% more sleep in the light period than in the dark period. EEG power density in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep showed no significant temporal trend within the light or the dark period. The homeostatic aspects of sleep regulation, as proposed in the two-process model, can account for the slow-wave activity (SWA) pattern also in the guinea pig: The small 24-h amplitude of the sleep-wakefulness pattern resulted in a small, 12% decline of SWA within the light period. In contrast to more distinctly nocturnal rodents, SWA in the dark period was not higher than in the light period. TCRT showed no difference between the light and the dark period. TCRT in REM sleep and waking was higher than TCRT in NREM sleep. TCRT increased after the transition from NREM sleep to either REM sleep or waking, and decreased in the last minute before the transition and after the transition from waking to NREM sleep. Motor activity measured in six animals for 11 days in constant darkness showed no apparent rhythm in three animals and a significant circadian rhythm in three others. Our data support the notion that guinea pigs exhibit only a weak circadian rest-activity rhythm.

Arousal and breathing responses to airway occlusion in healthy sleeping adults

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1113-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Issa ◽  
C. E. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Total Occlusion ◽  
Airway Occlusion ◽  
Constant Bias ◽  
Bias Flow ◽  
Shallow Breathing

The arousal and breathing responses to total airway occlusion during sleep were measured in 12 normal subjects (7 males and 5 females) aged 25-36 yr. Subjects slept while breathing through a specially designed nosemask, which was glued to the nose with medical-grade silicon rubber. The lips were sealed together with a thin layer of Silastic. The nosemask was attached to a wide-bore (20 mm ID) rigid tube to allow a constant-bias flow of room air from a blower. Total airway occlusion was achieved by simultaneously inflating two rubber balloons fixed in the inspiratory and expiratory pipes. A total of 39 tests were done in stage III/IV nonrapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep in 11 subjects and 10 tests in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in 5 subjects. The duration of total occlusion tolerated before arousal from NREM sleep varied widely (range 0.9-67.0 s) with a mean duration of 20.4 +/- 2.3 (SE) s. The breathing response to occlusion in NREM sleep was characterised by a breath-by-breath progressive increase in suction pressure achieved by an increase in the rate of inspiratory pressure generation during inspiration. In contrast, during REM sleep, arousal invariably occurred after a short duration of airway occlusion (mean duration 6.2 +/- 1.2 s, maximum duration 11.8 s), and the occlusion induced a rapid shallow breathing pattern. Our results indicate that total nasal occlusion during sleep causes arousal with the response during REM sleep being more predictable and with a generally shorter latency than that in NREM sleep.

scholarly journals Pathway-dependent regulation of sleep dynamics in a network model of the sleep-wake cycle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Héricé ◽  
Shuzo Sakata
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Synaptic Weight ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Neural Populations

AbstractSleep is a fundamental homeostatic process within the animal kingdom. Although various brain areas and cell types are involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, it is still unclear how different pathways between neural populations contribute to its regulation. Here we address this issue by investigating the behavior of a simplified network model upon synaptic weight manipulations. Our model consists of three neural populations connected by excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Activity in each population is described by a firing-rate model, which determines the state of the network. Namely wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or non-REM (NREM) sleep. By systematically manipulating the synaptic weight of every pathway, we show that even this simplified model exhibits non-trivial behaviors: for example, the wake-promoting population contributes not just to the induction and maintenance of wakefulness, but also to sleep induction. Although a recurrent excitatory connection of the REM-promoting population is essential for REM sleep genesis, this recurrent connection does not necessarily contribute to the maintenance of REM sleep. The duration of NREM sleep can be shortened or extended by changes in the synaptic strength of the pathways from the NREM-promoting population. In some cases, there is an optimal range of synaptic strengths that affect a particular state, implying that the amount of manipulations, not just direction (i.e., activation or inactivation), needs to be taken into account. These results demonstrate pathway-dependent regulation of sleep dynamics and highlight the importance of systems-level quantitative approaches for sleep-wake regulatory circuits.Author SummarySleep is essential and ubiquitous across animal species. Over the past half-century, various brain areas, cell types, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides have been identified as part of a sleep-wake regulating circuitry in the brain. However, it is less explored how individual neural pathways contribute to the sleep-wake cycle. In the present study, we investigate the behavior of a computational model by altering the strength of connections between neuronal populations. This computational model is comprised of a simple network where three neuronal populations are connected together, and the activity of each population determines the current state of the model, that is, wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep or non-REM (NREM) sleep. When we alter the connection strength of each pathway, we observe that the effect of such alterations on the sleep-wake cycle is highly pathway-dependent. Our results provide further insights into the mechanisms of sleep-wake regulation, and our computational approach can complement future biological experiments.

Sleep Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽  
Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Mechanism

Recent research has generated an enormous fund of knowledge about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Sleeping and waking brain circuits can now be studied by sophisticated neuroimaging techniques that map different areas of the brain during different sleep states and stages. Although the exact biologic functions of sleep are not known, sleep is essential, and sleep deprivation leads to impaired attention and decreased performance. Sleep is also believed to have restorative, conservative, adaptive, thermoregulatory, and consolidative functions. This review discusses the physiology of sleep, including its two independent states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, as well as functional neuroanatomy, physiologic changes during sleep, and circadian rhythms. The classification and diagnosis of sleep disorders are discussed generally. The diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders are described: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy sydrome, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, insomnias, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and parasomnias. Sleep-related movement disorders and the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders are also discussed. Tables describe behavioral and physiologic characteristics of states of awareness, the international classification of sleep disorders, common sleep complaints, comorbid insomnia disorders, causes of excessive daytime somnolence, laboratory tests to assess sleep disorders, essential diagnostic criteria for RLS and Willis-Ekbom disease, and drug therapy for insomnia. Figures include polysomnographic recording showing wakefulness in an adult; stage 1, 2, and 3 NREM sleep in an adult; REM sleep in an adult; a patient with sleep apnea syndrome; a patient with Cheyne-Stokes breathing; a patient with RLS; and a patient with dream-enacting behavior; schematic sagittal section of the brainstem of the cat; schematic diagram of the McCarley-Hobson model of REM sleep mechanism; the Lu-Saper “flip-flop” model; the Luppi model to explain REM sleep mechanism; and a wrist actigraph from a man with bipolar disorder. This review contains 14 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 115 references, and 5 MCQs.

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