scholarly journals Atypical action updating in a dynamic environment associated with adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleya A Aziz Marzuki ◽  
Matilde Vaghi ◽  
Anna Conway-Morris ◽  
Muzaffer Kaser ◽  
Akeem Sule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cognitive Information ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Background Computational research had determined that adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) display heightened action updating in response to noise in the environment and neglect meta-cognitive information (such as confidence) when making decisions. These features are proposed to underlie patients compulsions despite knowledge they are irrational. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether this extends to adolescents with OCD as research in this population is lacking. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the interplay between action and confidence in adolescents with OCD. Methods Twenty-seven adolescents with OCD and 46 controls completed a predictive-inference task, designed to probe how subjects actions and confidence ratings fluctuate in response to unexpected outcomes. We investigated how subjects update actions in response to prediction errors (indexing mismatches between expectations and outcomes) and used parameters from a Bayesian model to predict how confidence and action evolve over time. Confidence-action association strength was assessed using a regression model. We also investigated the effects of serotonergic medication. Results Adolescents with OCD showed significantly increased learning rates, particularly following small prediction errors. Results were driven primarily by unmedicated patients. Confidence ratings appeared equivalent between groups, although model-based analysis revealed that patients confidence was less affected by prediction errors compared to controls. Patients and controls did not differ in the extent to which they updated actions and confidence in tandem. Conclusions Adolescents with OCD showed enhanced action adjustments, especially in the face of small prediction errors, consistent with previous research establishing just-right compulsions, enhanced error-related negativity, and greater decision-uncertainty in paediatric-OCD. These tendencies were ameliorated in patients receiving serotonergic medication, emphasising the importance of early intervention in preventing disorder-related cognitive deficits. Confidence ratings were equivalent between young patients and controls, mirroring findings in adults OCD research.

scholarly journals The Role of Self-Talk in Predicting Death Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Coping Strategies in the Face of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi ◽  
Arezoo Mojarrad ◽  
Saeed Pireinaladin ◽  
Andrej M M Grjibovski
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Coping

Objective: Nowadays, the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) is one of the most stressful resources that has led to the rise of different levels of psychological crisis. In addition to the countries affected by the COVID-19, such as China, European and American countries, Iran has appeared as one of the most affected countries with high infected cases and deaths. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-talk in predicting death anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and coping strategies in the face of COVID-19. Method: This descriptive and correlational study was conducted on 354 adults living in Ardabil, Iran, who were selected using cluster sampling from 21 January to 19 March 2020. Self-Talk questionnaires, Coping Strategies, Death Anxiety, and Obsessive-Compulsive questionnaires were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression were used for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between self-talk and problem-centered coping style. Also, significant negative relationships were found between self-talk and emotional coping style, death anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Furthermore, based on the results of the regression test, self-talk predicted problem-centered style, emotional-coping style, death anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the need for psychological crisis intervention during the COVID-19 outbreak. Also, this study provides an important step in shifting attention to self-talk skills from sport psychology fields toward clinical psychology, especially about the mental impacts of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Increased fronto-striatal reward prediction errors moderate decision making in obsessive–compulsive disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1246-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. U. Hauser ◽  
R. Iannaccone ◽  
R. J. Dolan ◽  
J. Ball ◽  
J. Hättenschwiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Reward Prediction ◽  
Reinforcement Learning Models

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has been linked to functional abnormalities in fronto-striatal networks as well as impairments in decision making and learning. Little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms causing these decision-making and learning deficits in OCD, and how they relate to dysfunction in fronto-striatal networks.MethodWe investigated neural mechanisms of decision making in OCD patients, including early and late onset of disorder, in terms of reward prediction errors (RPEs) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RPEs index a mismatch between expected and received outcomes, encoded by the dopaminergic system, and are known to drive learning and decision making in humans and animals. We used reinforcement learning models and RPE signals to infer the learning mechanisms and to compare behavioural parameters and neural RPE responses of the OCD patients with those of healthy matched controls.ResultsPatients with OCD showed significantly increased RPE responses in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the putamen compared with controls. OCD patients also had a significantly lower perseveration parameter than controls.ConclusionsEnhanced RPE signals in the ACC and putamen extend previous findings of fronto-striatal deficits in OCD. These abnormally strong RPEs suggest a hyper-responsive learning network in patients with OCD, which might explain their indecisiveness and intolerance of uncertainty.

scholarly journals A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1528-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Gillan ◽  
N. A. Fineberg ◽  
T. W. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Considerable Problem ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
Genetic Contributions

Progress in understanding the underlying neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has stalled in part because of the considerable problem of heterogeneity within this diagnostic category, and homogeneity across other putatively discrete, diagnostic categories. As psychiatry begins to recognize the shortcomings of a purely symptom-based psychiatric nosology, new data-driven approaches have begun to be utilized with the goal of solving these problems: specifically, identifying trans-diagnostic aspects of clinical phenomenology based on their association with neurobiological processes. In this review, we describe key methodological approaches to understanding OCD from this perspective and highlight the candidate traits that have already been identified as a result of these early endeavours. We discuss how important inferences can be made from pre-existing case-control studies as well as showcasing newer methods that rely on large general population datasets to refine and validate psychiatric phenotypes. As exemplars, we take ‘compulsivity’ and ‘anxiety’, putatively trans-diagnostic symptom dimensions that are linked to well-defined neurobiological mechanisms, goal-directed learning and error-related negativity, respectively. We argue that the identification of biologically valid, more homogeneous, dimensions such as these provides renewed optimism for identifying reliable genetic contributions to OCD and other disorders, improving animal models and critically, provides a path towards a future of more targeted psychiatric treatments.

scholarly journals Error-Related Negativity and Tic History in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 902-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Hanna ◽  
Melisa Carrasco ◽  
Shannon M. Harbin ◽  
Jenna K. Nienhuis ◽  
Christina E. LaRosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Error Related Negativity

Enhanced error related negativity amplitude in medication-naïve, comorbidity-free obsessive compulsive disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hema Nawani ◽  
Janardhanan.C. Narayanaswamy ◽  
Shrinivasa Basavaraju ◽  
Anushree Bose ◽  
Sri Mahavir Agarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Error Related Negativity

scholarly journals Kinematical analysis of emotionally induced facial expressions in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1453-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MERGL ◽  
M. VOGEL ◽  
P. MAVROGIORGOU ◽  
C. GÖBEL ◽  
M. ZAUDIG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Kinematical Analysis ◽  
The Face

Background. Motor function is deficient in many patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), especially in the face. To investigate subtle motor dysfunction, kinematical analysis of emotional facial expressions can be used. Our aim was to investigate facial movements in response to humorous film stimuli in OCD patients.Method. Kinematical analysis of facial movements was performed. Ultrasound markers at defined points of the face provided exact measurement of facial movements, while subjects watched a humorous movie (‘Mr Bean’). Thirty-four OCD patients (19 male, 15 female; mean (S.D.) age: 35·8 (11·5) years; mean (S.D.) total Y-BOCS score: 25·5 (5·9)) were studied in unmedicated state and after a 10-week treatment with the SSRI sertraline. Thirty-four healthy controls (19 male, 15 female; mean (S.D.) age: 37·5 (13·1) years) were also investigated.Results. At baseline, OCD patients showed significantly slower velocity at the beginning of laughing than healthy controls and a reduced laughing frequency. There was a significant negative correlation between laughing frequency and severity of OCD symptoms. Ten weeks later a significant increase of laughing frequency and initial velocity during laughing was found.Conclusions. Execution of adequate facial reactions to humour is abnormally slow in OCD patients. Susceptibility of OCD patients with regard to emotional stimuli is less pronounced than in healthy subjects. This phenomenon is closely correlated to OCD symptoms and is state-dependent.

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