Altered electrical behavior alongside healed myocardial infarcts (MIs) is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. However, the multidimensional mechanisms are poorly understood and described. This study characterizes, for the first time, the intramural spread of electrical activation in the peri-infarct region of chronic reperfusion MIs. Four sheep were studied 13 wk after antero-apical reperfusion infarction. Extracellular potentials (ECPs) were recorded in a ~20 × 20-mm2 region adjacent to the infarct boundary (25 plunge needles <0.5-mm diameter with 15 electrodes at 1-mm centers) during multisite stimulation. Infarct geometry and electrode locations were reconstructed from magnetic resonance images. Three-dimensional activation spread was characterized by local activation times and interpolated ECP fields ( n = 191 records). Control data were acquired in 4 non-infarcted sheep ( n = 96 records). Electrodes were distributed uniformly around 15 ± 5% of the intramural infarct boundary. There were marked changes in pacing success and ECP morphology across a functional border zone (BZ) ±2 mm from the boundary. Stimulation adjacent to the infarct boundary was associated with low-amplitude electrical activity within the BZ and delayed activation of surrounding myocardium. Bulk tissue depolarization occurred 3.5–14.6 mm from the pacing site for 39% of stimuli with delays of 4–37 ms, both significantly greater than control ( P < 0.0001). Conduction velocity (CV) adjacent to the infarct was not reduced compared with control, consistent with structure-only computer model results. Insignificant CV slowing, irregular stimulus-site specific activation delays, and obvious indirect activation pathways strongly suggest that the substrate for conduction abnormalities in chronic MI is predominantly structural in nature. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intramural in vivo measurements of peri-infarct electrical activity were not available before this study. We use pace-mapping in a three-dimensional electrode array to show that a subset of stimuli in the peri-infarct region initiates coordinated myocardial activation some distance from the stimulus site with substantial associated time delays. This is site dependent and heterogeneous and occurs for <50% of ectopic stimuli in the border zone. Furthermore, once coordinated activation is initiated, conduction velocity adjacent to the infarct boundary is not significantly different from control. These results give new insights to peri-infarct electrical activity and do not support the widespread view of uniform electrical remodeling in the border zone of chronic myocardial infarcts, with depressed conduction velocity throughout.
Electrical activity between skin cells regulates melanoma initiation
