scholarly journals Stimulus predictability does not modulate bottom-up attentional capture

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik L. Meijs ◽  
Felix H. Klaassen ◽  
Levan Bokeria ◽  
Simon van Gaal ◽  
Floris P. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Cueing Task ◽  
Prior Expectation

AbstractAttention can be involuntarily captured by physically salient stimuli, a phenomenon known as bottom-up attention. Typically, these salient stimuli occur unpredictably in time and space. Therefore, in a series of three behavioral experiments, we investigated the extent to which such bottom-up attentional capture is a function of one’s prior expectations. In the context of an exogenous cueing task, we systematically manipulated participants’ spatial (Experiment 1) or temporal (Experiment 2 and 3) expectations about an uninformative cue, and examined the extent of attentional capture by the cue. We anticipated larger attentional capture for unexpected compared to expected cues. However, while we observed robust attentional capture in all experiments, we did not find any evidence for a modulation of attentional capture by prior expectation. This underscores the automatic and reflexive nature of bottom-up attention.

scholarly journals Cue predictability does not modulate bottom-up attentional capture

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 180524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik L. Meijs ◽  
Felix H. Klaassen ◽  
Levan Bokeria ◽  
Simon van Gaal ◽  
Floris P. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Cueing Task ◽  
Prior Expectation ◽  
Behavioural Experiments

Attention can be involuntarily captured by physically salient stimuli, a phenomenon known as bottom-up attention. Typically, these salient stimuli occur unpredictably in time and space. Therefore, in a series of three behavioural experiments, we investigated the extent to which such bottom-up attentional capture is a function of one's prior expectations. In the context of an exogenous cueing task, we systematically manipulated participants' spatial (Experiment 1) or temporal (Experiments 2 and 3) expectations about an uninformative cue and examined the amount of attentional capture by the cue. We anticipated larger attentional capture for unexpected compared to expected cues. However, while we observed attentional capture, we did not find any evidence for a modulation of attentional capture by prior expectation. This suggests that bottom-up attentional capture does not appear modulated by the degree to which the cue is expected or surprising.

Signals for threat modulate attentional capture and holding: Fear-conditioning and extinction during the exogenous cueing task

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Koster ◽  
Geert Crombez ◽  
Stefaan Van Damme ◽  
Bruno Verschuere ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Cueing Task

Exogenous Cueing Task

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst H. W. Koster ◽  
Rudi De Raedt ◽  
Ellen Goeleven ◽  
Erik Franck ◽  
Geert Crombez
Keyword(s):  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Cueing Task

Hard-coding bottom-up code generation tables to save time and space

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Fraser ◽  
Robert R. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Code Generation ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Bottom Up

scholarly journals Temporal properties of task-irrelevant events: attentional capture is not purely bottom-up

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1082-1082
Author(s):  
J. Benjamins ◽  
H. Hogendoorn ◽  
I. Hooge ◽  
F. Verstraten
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Task Irrelevant

scholarly journals Disentangling the Role of Cortico-Basal Ganglia Loops in Top–Down and Bottom–Up Visual Attention: An Investigation of Attention Deficits in Parkinson Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Tommasi ◽  
Mirta Fiorio ◽  
Jérôme Yelnik ◽  
Paul Krack ◽  
Francesca Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Brain Functions

It is solidly established that top–down (goal-driven) and bottom–up (stimulus-driven) attention mechanisms depend on distributed cortical networks, including prefrontal and frontoparietal regions. On the other hand, it is less clear whether the BG also contribute to one or the other of these mechanisms, or to both. The current study was principally undertaken to clarify this issue. Parkinson disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the BG, has proven to be an effective model for investigating the contribution of the BG to different brain functions; therefore, we set out to investigate deficits of top–down and bottom–up attention in a selected cohort of PD patients. With this objective in mind, we compared the performance on three computerized tasks of two groups of 12 parkinsonian patients (assessed without any treatment), one otherwise pharmacologically treated and the other also surgically treated, with that of a group of controls. The main behavioral tool for our study was an attentional capture task, which enabled us to tap the competition between top–down and bottom–up mechanisms of visual attention. This task was suitably combined with a choice RT and a simple RT task to isolate any specific deficit of attention from deficits in motor response selection and initiation. In the two groups of patients, we found an equivalent increase of attentional capture but also comparable delays in target selection in the absence of any salient distractor (reflecting impaired top–down mechanisms) and movement initiation compared with controls. In contrast, motor response selection processes appeared to be prolonged only in the operated patients. Our results confirm that the BG are involved in both motor and cognitive domains. Specifically, damage to the BG, as it occurs in PD, leads to a distinct deficit of top–down control of visual attention, and this can account, albeit indirectly, for the enhancement of attentional capture, reflecting weakened ability of top–down mechanisms to antagonize bottom–up control.

Attentional Capture by Salient Distractors during Visual Search Is Determined by Temporal Task Demands

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kiss ◽  
Anna Grubert ◽  
Anders Petersen ◽  
Martin Eimer
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Response Onset ◽  
Irrelevant Color ◽  
Task Irrelevant

The question whether attentional capture by salient but task-irrelevant visual stimuli is triggered in a bottom–up fashion or depends on top–down task settings is still unresolved. Strong support for bottom–up capture was obtained in the additional singleton task, in which search arrays were visible until response onset. Equally strong evidence for top–down control of attentional capture was obtained in spatial cueing experiments in which display durations were very brief. To demonstrate the critical role of temporal task demands on salience-driven attentional capture, we measured ERP indicators of capture by task-irrelevant color singletons in search arrays that could also contain a shape target. In Experiment 1, all displays were visible until response onset. In Experiment 2, display duration was limited to 200 msec. With long display durations, color singleton distractors elicited an N2pc component that was followed by a late Pd component, suggesting that they triggered attentional capture, which was later replaced by location-specific inhibition. When search arrays were visible for only 200 msec, the distractor-elicited N2pc was eliminated and was replaced by a Pd component in the same time range, indicative of rapid suppression of capture. Results show that attentional capture by salient distractors can be inhibited for short-duration search displays, in which it would interfere with target processing. They demonstrate that salience-driven capture is not a purely bottom–up phenomenon but is subject to top–down control.

Facilitated Attentional Disengagement from Negative Information in Relation to Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms of Dutch Female Undergraduate Students

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. M. van Deurzen ◽  
Dorine I. E. Slaats-Willemse ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Jeffrey Roelofs ◽  
Mike Rinck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Attentional Disengagement ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Cueing Task ◽  
Undergraduate University Students ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Negative Stimuli

Prior research has shown that depressive symptoms are associated with an enhanced attention toward negative stimuli and difficulty of disengaging attention from negative stimuli. The current study was an extension of a 2005 study by Koster and colleagues. A different stimulus presentation time and word set were used. The whole range of depressive symptoms was included in this sample instead of creating dichotomized groups. The Exogenous Cueing Task with negative, positive, and neutral cues was administered to 85 female undergraduate university students. Participants completed the Beck's Depression Inventory-II–NL questionnaire to measure self-reported depression. Contrary to previous findings, depressive symptoms were related to a facilitated rather than impaired attentional disengagement from negative stimuli. An explanation for the discrepancy with findings from Koster, et al. may be the different stimulus presentation time (1,000 msec. instead of 500 or 1,500 msec).

scholarly journals The road to long-term memory: Top-down attention is more effective than bottom-up attention for forming long-term memories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Sasin ◽  
Daryl Fougnie
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Road ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Better Than

AbstractDoes the strength of representations in long-term memory (LTM) depend on which type of attention is engaged? We tested participants’ memory for objects seen during visual search. We compared implicit memory for two types of objects—related-context nontargets that grabbed attention because they matched the target defining feature (i.e., color; top-down attention) and salient distractors that captured attention only because they were perceptually distracting (bottom-up attention). In Experiment 1, the salient distractor flickered, while in Experiment 2, the luminance of the salient distractor was alternated. Critically, salient and related-context nontargets produced equivalent attentional capture, yet related-context nontargets were remembered far better than salient distractors (and salient distractors were not remembered better than unrelated distractors). These results suggest that LTM depends not only on the amount of attention but also on the type of attention. Specifically, top-down attention is more effective in promoting the formation of memory traces than bottom-up attention.

scholarly journals Awareness-dependent normalization framework of visual bottom-up attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyu Wang ◽  
Ling Huang ◽  
Qinglin Chen ◽  
Jingyi Wang ◽  
Siting Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Size ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Stimulus Contrast ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Contrast Gain ◽  
Cueing Effect ◽  
Cueing Task ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Contrast Response

Although bottom-up attention can improve visual performance with and without awareness, whether they are governed by a common neural computation remains unclear. Using a modified Posner paradigm with backward masking, we found that both the attention-triggered cueing effect with and without awareness displayed a monotonic gradient profile (Gaussian-like). The scope of this profile, however, was significantly wider with than without awareness. Subsequently, for each subject, the stimulus size was manipulated as their respective mean scopes with and without awareness while stimulus contrast was varied in a spatial cueing task. By measuring the gain pattern of contrast-response functions, we observed changes in the cueing effect consonant with changes in contrast gain for bottom-up attention with awareness and response gain for bottom-up attention without awareness. Our findings indicate an awareness-dependent normalization framework of visual bottom-up attention, placing a necessary constraint, namely, awareness, on our understanding of the neural computations underlying visual attention.

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