scholarly journals Methods matter: your measures of explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation affect your results

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Maresch ◽  
Susen Werner ◽  
Opher Donchin
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Selective Decay ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

AbstractVisuomotor rotations are frequently used to study the different processes underlying motor adaptation. Explicit aiming strategies and implicit recalibration are two of these processes. Various methods, which differ in their underlying assumptions, have been used to dissociate the two processes. Direct methods, such as verbal reports, assume explicit knowledge to be verbalizable, where indirect methods, such as the exclusion, assume that explicit knowledge is controllable. The goal of this study was thus to directly compare verbal reporting with exclusion in two different conditions: during consistent reporting and during intermittent reporting. Our results show that our two conditions lead to a dissociation between the measures. In the consistent reporting group, all measures showed similar results. However, in the intermittent reporting group, verbal reporting showed more explicit re-aiming and less implicit adaptation than exclusion. Curiously, when exclusion was measured again, after the end of learning, the differences were no longer apparent. We suspect this may reflect selective decay in implicit adaptation, as has been reported previously. All told, our results clearly indicate that methods of measurement can affect the amount of explicit re-aiming and implicit adaptation that is measured. Since it has been previously shown that both explicit re-aiming and implicit adaptation have multiple components, discrepancies between these different methods may arise because different measures reflect different components.

scholarly journals An Implicit Plan Still Overrides an Explicit Strategy During Visuomotor Adaptation Following Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Cerebellum

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah H. E. M. Voets ◽  
Muriel T. N. Panouilleres ◽  
Ned Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Strategy Adaptation ◽  
Implicit Motor

AbstractMotor adaptation is a process by which the brain gradually reduces error induced by a predictable change in the environment, e.g., pointing while wearing prism glasses. It is thought to occur via largely implicit processes, though explicit strategies are also thought to contribute. Research suggests a role of the cerebellum in the implicit aspects of motor adaptation. Using non-invasive brain stimulation, we sought to investigate the involvement of the cerebellum in implicit motor adaptation in healthy participants. Inhibition of the cerebellum was attained through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), after which participants performed a visuomotor-rotation task while using an explicit strategy. Adaptation and aftereffects of the TMS group showed no difference in behaviour compared to a Sham stimulation group, therefore this study did not provide any further evidence of a specific role of the cerebellum in implicit motor adaptation. However, our behavioral findings replicate those in the seminal study by Mazzoni and Krakauer (2006).

Patterns of Implicit Learning Below the Level of Conscious Knowledge

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Yordanova ◽  
Rolf Verleger ◽  
Ullrich Wagner ◽  
Vasil Kolev
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Implicit Processing ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Late Night ◽  
On Line ◽  
On Line Learning

The objective of the present study was to evaluate patterns of implicit processing in a task where the acquisition of explicit and implicit knowledge occurs simultaneously. The number reduction task (NRT) was used as having two levels of organization, overt and covert, where the covert level of processing is associated with implicit associative and implicit procedural learning. One aim was to compare these two types of implicit processes in the NRT when sleep was or was not introduced between initial formation of task representations and subsequent NRT processing. To assess the effects of different sleep stages, two sleep groups (early- and late-night groups) were used where initial training of the task was separated from subsequent retest by 3 h full of predominantly slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In two no-sleep groups, no interval was introduced between initial and subsequent NRT performance. A second aim was to evaluate the interaction between procedural and associative implicit learning in the NRT. Implicit associative learning was measured by the difference between the speed of responses that could or could not be predicted by the covert abstract regularity of the task. Implicit procedural on-line learning was measured by the practice-based increased speed of performance with time on task. Major results indicated that late-night sleep produced a substantial facilitation of implicit associations without modifying individual ability for explicit knowledge generation or for procedural on-line learning. This was evidenced by the higher rate of subjects who gained implicit knowledge of abstract task structure in the late-night group relative to the early-night and no-sleep groups. Independently of sleep, gain of implicit associative knowledge was accompanied by a relative slowing of responses to unpredictable items suggesting reciprocal interactions between associative and motor procedural processes within the implicit system. These observations provide evidence for the separability and interactions of different patterns of processing within implicit memory.

scholarly journals Diurnal variation of leukocyte counts affects the indirect estimation of reference intervals

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Torge ◽  
Rainer Haeckel ◽  
Mustafa Özcürümez ◽  
Alexander Krebs ◽  
Ralf Junker
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Reference Limits ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

Abstract It has been observed that the estimation of reference intervals of leukocytes in whole venous blood leads to higher upper reference limits (uRLs) with indirect methods than has been reported in the literature determined by direct approaches. This phenomenon was reinvestigated with a newer, more advanced indirect method, and could be confirmed. Furthermore, a diurnal variation was observed with lower values during the morning and higher values in the late afternoon and at night. This observation can explain why indirect approaches using samples collected during 24 h lead to higher uRLs than direct methods applied on samples collected presumably in the morning.

scholarly journals Lectin-binding histochemistry of non-decalcified growth plate cartilage: a postembedment method for light microscopy of epon-embedded tissue.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
C E Farnum ◽  
N J Wilsman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Plate ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Miniature Swine ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Growth Plate Cartilage ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Intracellular Binding

A postembedment method for the localization of lectin-binding glycoconjugates was developed using Epon-embedded growth plate cartilage from Yucatan miniature swine. By testing a variety of etching, blocking, and incubation procedures, a standard protocol was developed for 1 micron thick sections that allowed visualization of both intracellular and extracellular glycoconjugates with affinity for wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A. Both fluorescent and peroxidase techniques were used, and comparisons were made between direct methods and indirect methods using the biotin-avidin bridging system. Differential extracellular lectin binding allowed visualization of interterritorial , territorial, and pericellular matrices. Double labeling experiments showed the precision with which intracellular binding could be localized to specific cytoplasmic compartments, with resolution of binding to the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear membrane at the light microscopic level. This method allows the localization of both intracellular and extracellular lectin-binding glycoconjugates using fixation and embedment procedures that are compatible with simultaneous ultrastructural analysis. As such it should have applicability both to the morphological analysis of growth plate organization during normal endochondral ossification, as well as to the diagnostic pathology of matrix abnormalities in disease states of growing cartilage.

Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Benefit Transfer ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Benefit Estimation ◽  
Cape Fear ◽  
New Consumer

<em>Abstract.</em>—In this paper, we provide an introduction to water quality benefit estimation for noneconomists. Net water quality benefits are typically measured using the concept of consumer surplus, which is estimated using a number of economic valuation methodologies. These are divided into direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve questioning survey respondents to determine their consumer surplus. Indirect methods use data from consumer market behavior to estimate economic values. When limited time or funding preclude costly data collection and the development of new consumer surplus estimates, the method of benefit transfer is used to tailor preexisting consumer surplus estimates to fit new policy situations. We provide an example of benefit transfer by estimating the value of water quality improvements for the Cape Fear River in North Carolina. Benefit transfer methods are used with three valuation approaches to estimate the benefits of water quality improvement.

Incidental and explicit learning of L2 derivational morphology and the nature of acquired knowledge

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1377-1404
Author(s):  
Keiichi Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Explicit Learning ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Set Up

AbstractThe aim of the current study was to compare both incidental and explicit auditory learning of second language derivational morphology by measuring the accuracy and the reaction time of a grammaticality judgment task. Furthermore, the study was set up to examine the nature of acquired knowledge using subjective measures of awareness during the testing phases and postexperimental verbal reports. The delayed effects of learning were investigated by testing participants immediately after the learning and 1 week later also. The results showed a significant learning effect for the incidental and explicit learners immediately after exposure, but only the explicit learners maintained the learning effects a week later. Both types of learners showed no significant difference in the reaction time. Incidental learners primarily developed implicit knowledge, while explicit learners relied on explicit knowledge to a large extent, part of which became unconscious later. The differences of learning under incidental and explicit learning conditions are discussed in terms of the maintenance of knowledge.

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