Acid citrate dextrose (ACD)

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (1) ◽  
pp. pdb.rec8265
1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (02) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Lalau Keraly ◽  
Raelene L Kinlough-Rathbone ◽  
Marian A Packham ◽  
Hidenori Suzuki ◽  
J Fraser Mustard

SummaryConditions affecting the responses of human platelets to epinephrine were examined. In platelet-rich plasma prepared from blood anticoagulated with hirudin or PPACK (D-pheny- lalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone), epinephrine did not cause shape change or aggregation. In a Tyrode-albumin- apyrase solution containing a concentration of Ca2+ in the physiological range, and fibrinogen, epinephrine in concentrations as high as 40 μM did not induce platelet shape change, caused either no primary aggregation or very slight primary aggregation, and did not induce thromboxane formation, release of dense granule contents, or secondary aggregation. In contrast, in citrated platelet-rich plasma, epinephrine induced two phases of aggregation. This is not attributable to the generation of traces of thrombin since the same effects were evident when blood was taken into a combined citrate-hirudin anticoagulant or a combined citrate-PPACK anticoagulant. In a modified Tyrode-albu- min-apyrase solution containing approximately 20 μM Ca2+, 1 mM Mg2+, and fibrinogen, epinephrine induced extensive aggregation after a lag phase, but no primary phase was evident; thromboxane formation and release of dense granule contents accompanied the aggregation response. These responses were also observed when PPACK was included with the acid-citrate- dextrose anticoagulant, and in the washing and resuspending fluids. In the presence of aspirin or the thromboxane receptor blocker BM 13.177 a few small aggregates were detected by particle counting and by scanning electron microscopy; with the latter inhibitor, the platelets in the aggregates retained their disc shape; secondary aggregation and the responses associated with it did not occur. Thus thromboxane A2 formation is not necessary for the formation of these small aggregates, but is required for extensive aggregation and release. As with other weak agonists, the close platelet-to-platelet contact in the low Ca2+ medium appears to be necessary for full secondary aggregation. Omission of fibrinogen from the low Ca2+ medium prevented both primary and secondary aggregation in response to epinephrine. An antibody (10E5) to the glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa complex was completely inhibitory in the presence of fibrinogen. Thus the response of human platelets to epinephrine is influenced by the concentration of Ca2+ and the presence of fibrinogen in the medium in which they are suspended.


1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Pfliegler ◽  
J Arnout ◽  
J Vermylen

The rapid and specific detection of fibrin monomers (fm) and fibrin degradation products (fdp) is of major importance in the laboratory diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Most methods in use are either time-consuming, needing special techniques, or insensitive and poorly specific. Some time ago, Watanabe and Tullis described a simple and rapid, semiquantitative test to detect fm and fdp in plasma, based on the finding that ristocetin in low concentrations (1.0-1.5 mg/ml) can specifically precipitate fm and fdp. To 0.4 ml ACD plasma, 0.1 ml ristocetin (2.5 mg/ml) is added and vortexed. The mixture is then incubated for 30 min at 20°C and centrifuged at 50xg for 5 min. The test is considered to be positive when fibrin-like strands or small or large pellets are observed on the bottom of the tube. More recently, Pfliegler et al. reported that ristomycin (AGGRISTIN), a structural analogue of ristocetin, can replace ristocetin in this test.Here we report on further results with the ristomycin (AGGRISTIN) precipitation test in 138 patients with various intravascular thrombotic events. The results of this test, performed on ACD plasma, were compared to the serum fdp values detected by immunoelectrophoresis (IEF) and by the haemagglutina-tion inhibition test (HIT). In all 30 cases with serum fdp above 30 ug/ml (HIT) or 28 pg/ml (IEF), the precipitation test was positive; at lower fdp concentrations, as detected by HIT or IEF, the test still was positive in 70 per cent of these thrombosis patients, suggesting a superior sensitivity. In 16 patients with elevated fibrinogen levels (but no evidence of thrombosis), the test was positive in only 3. No false positive results were detected in 16 healthy controls. Preliminary results show that the minor disadvantage of the test (blood collection on acid citrate dextrose) may readily be overcome by the in vitro adjustment of the pH of citrate plasma, commonly used for other haemostatic tests, to between 7.0 and 7.4.On the basis of our results we suggest that the AGGRISTIN (ristomycin) precipitation test is a simple, rapid and reliable method for the laboratory diagnosis of intravascular clotting.


2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Kirwan ◽  
Ross Hutchison ◽  
Sherif Ghabina ◽  
Stephanie Schwarze ◽  
Abigail Beane ◽  
...  

Background/Aims: Recent updates to the Nikkiso Aquarius continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) platform allowed us to develop a post-dilution protocol for regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) using standard bicarbonate buffered, calcium containing replacement solution with acid citrate dextrose formula-A as a citrate source. Our objective was to demonstrate that the protocol was safe and effective. Methods: Prospective audit of consecutive patients receiving RCA for CRRT within intensive care unit, who were either contraindicated to heparin or had poor filter lifespan (<12 h for 2 consecutive filters) on heparin. Results: We present the first 29 patients who used 98 filters. After excluding ‘non-clot' filter loss, 50% had a duration of >27 h. Calcium supplementation was required for 30 (30%) filter circuits, in 17 of 29 (58%) patients. One patient discontinued the treatment due to metabolic alkalosis, but there were no adverse bleeding events. Conclusion: Post-dilution RCA system is effective and simple to use on the Aquarius platform and results in comparable filter life for patients relatively contraindicated to heparin.


Vox Sanguinis ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Apsner ◽  
B. Uenver ◽  
G. Sunder-Plassmann ◽  
R. M. Knobler

1975 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko TSUDA ◽  
Akio TOMODA ◽  
Shigeki MINAKAMI

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Proksch ◽  
D P Bonderman

Abstract We describe a simple, rapid process--which includes the specific precipitation of pre-beta and beta-lipoproteins with dextran sulfate and divalent metal ions--for preparing an optically clear human serum that retains its clarity upon reconstitution with water after having been frozen and lyophilized. Such serum contains the normal constituents of human serum, except for the removed lipoproteins. The process causes no apparent interference with results of analyses for 22 of the more commonly measured constituents. Fresh or aged pooled serum or blood-bank plasma containing acid-citrate-dextrose or citrate-phosphate-dextrose are equally suitable as raw materials. This stabilized serum is an excellent matrix for use in preparing standards and quality-control material for assay of components of human serum.


Allergy ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sterza ◽  
C. Incorvaia* ◽  
G. G. Riario-Sforza

Author(s):  
Jin-Sook Wang ◽  
Mee-Kyung Kee ◽  
Byeong-Sun Choi ◽  
Chan-Wha Kim ◽  
Hyon-Suk Kim ◽  
...  

AbstractThe external quality assessment schemes (EQAS) organizer provides a suitable program to monitor and improve the quality of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing laboratories with EQAS panels prepared under various conditions. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of human plasma samples on the EQAS results of HIV obtained from hospital-based clinical laboratories.From 2007 to 2009, HIV EQAS panels consisted of four to six samples that consisted of undiluted positive and negative samples and were provided to laboratories twice per year. Up until the first half EQAS in 2008, EQAS panel materials were obtained by converting acid citrate dextrose treated plasma to serum via chemical treatment with CaClApproximately 300 HIV clinical laboratories participated in this program. The overall performance of clinical laboratories was shown to be improved when using unrecalcified plasma panels compared with recalcified panels. Significant differences were observed in EIA analyses of plasma for both positive (p<0.001) and negative (p<0.001) samples between the recalcified and unrecalcified groups.Our finding suggested that defibrination status of EQAS panels might affect the results of anti-HIV EQAS of Korean HIV testing laboratories.


Author(s):  
H. Kortenhaus ◽  
G.V.R. Bom

Golden hamsters (80-100g) were anaesthetised with pentobarbital and cardiac blood was collected into acid-citrate dextrose. Platelet-rich plasma brought to pH 6.2 was incubated at 37° with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC: 100 μg/ml) for 10 min (Kortenhaus , Webelmann and Schroer: to be published). The platelets were injected i.v. into another hamster and observed in the cheek pouch circulation by fluorescence microscopy at x 500.In venules a small proportion of platelets were arrested, most for less than one sec., about 20% for up to 2 min and about 3% for longer. There was no correlation with rolling granulocyte frequencies (A therton & Born, 1972, Journal of Fhysiology, 222, 447).


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document