Quantitative investigation of domain structures by Berg–Barrett X-ray diffraction microscopy. I. Determination of small tilt angles in various lattice planes of the crystal

1968 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kranjc
Keyword(s):  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Quantitative Investigation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Lattice Planes ◽  
Diffraction Microscopy

The determination of crystal size and disorder from X-ray diffraction photographs of polymer fibres. 1. The accuracy of determination of Fourier coefficients of the intensity profile of a reflection

1989 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Somashekar ◽  
I. H. Hall ◽  
P. D. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Size ◽  
Fourier Coefficients ◽  
Intensity Profile ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scattering Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fourier Cosine ◽  
High Harmonics ◽  
Lattice Planes

Methods which determine the number and disorder of lattice planes in a crystal from the Fourier cosine coefficients of the intensity profile of an X-ray reflection use only the low harmonics and require that the coefficients be normalized so that the zero harmonic is unity. Experimentally, the profiles can only be recorded over a smaller range of scattering angle than required by the theory, and it is necessary to subtract background, which is likely to be estimated with considerable error, before determining the coefficients. It is shown that with polymer fibres this causes serious errors in the normalization, and in the values of those low harmonics used in the size and disorder determination, and prevents reliable values being obtained. Methods which avoid normalization and use only high harmonics are needed. It is shown that disorder may be obtained in such a way, but not size, for which low-order normalized coefficients are essential. A method of extrapolation is described and tested which enables the accurate high harmonics to be used to improve the estimates of the low ones. Whilst this will yield more reliable values of crystal size than are obtainable from existing methods, the accuracy depends entirely on the validity of the extrapolation, which cannot be tested in many cases of interest.

X-Ray Diffraction Determination of Texture and Stress in Damascene Fabricated Copper Interconnects

1999 ◽  
Vol 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delrose Winter ◽  
Paul R. Besser
Keyword(s):  
Incident Beam ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Copper Interconnects ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Determination ◽  
Lattice Planes ◽  
Excellent Tool

AbstractX-Ray diffraction (XRD) provides an excellent tool for the measurement of both stress and texture (preferred orientation) on fabricated damascene interconnect structures. Since x-ray diffraction provides a direct measurement of lattice spacings, film strain can be measured directly. Also, since the intensity of diffracted x-rays is proportional to the density of lattice planes oriented in diffracting condition with respect to the incident beam, both the direction and extent of preferred orientation can be accurately measured. Special techniques and considerations are necessary when examining damascene interconnect structures with XRD which are not necessary with blanket films. These techniques are discussed and described in order to aid in obtaining meaningful XRD data and a correct interpretation of the results.

Diffraction Contrast Tomography - A Synchrotron Radiation Technique for Mapping Polycrystalline Microstructures in 3D

2008 ◽  
Vol 571-572 ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew King ◽  
Greg Johnson ◽  
Wolfgang Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmitted Beam ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Contrast ◽  
Diffraction Geometry ◽  
Radiation Technique ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Diffraction Microscopy

In this paper the authors describe a technique based on synchrotron x-ray diffraction which has been used to produce full 3D grain maps (both grain shapes and orientations) in annealed aluminium alloy and stainless steel samples containing around 500 grains. The procedure is termed diffraction contrast tomography (DCT), reflecting its similarities with conventional absorption contrast tomography. It is an extension of the 3D X-ray diffraction microscopy (3DXRD) concept, and has been developed in collaboration with its inventors. The specimen is illuminated using a monochromatic synchrotron x-ray beam, and grains imaged using the extinction contrast that appears in the transmitted beam when grains are aligned in the diffraction condition during rotation of the sample. The beams of radiation diffracted by the grains are captured simultaneously on the same detector as the direct beam image. The combination of diffraction and extinction information aids the grain indexing operation, in which pairs of diffraction and extinction images are assigned to grain sets. 3D grain shapes are determined by algebraic reconstruction from the limited number of extinction projections, while crystallographic orientation is found from the diffraction geometry. The non-destructive nature of the technique allows for in-situ studies of mapped samples. Research is in progress to extend the technique to allow the determination of the elastic strain and stress tensors on a grain-by-grain basis.

Sem and X-Ray Analysis of Renal and Biliary Calculi

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
R. J. Narconis ◽  
G. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Natural State ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Additional Dimension ◽  
Biliary Calculi ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
Scanning Electron

Analysis of the constituents of renal and biliary calculi may be of help in the management of patients with calculous disease. Several methods of analysis are available for identifying these constituents. Most common are chemical methods, optical crystallography, x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The application of a SEM with x-ray analysis capabilities should be considered as an additional alternative.A scanning electron microscope equipped with an x-ray “mapping” attachment offers an additional dimension in its ability to locate elemental constituents geographically, and thus, provide a clue in determination of possible metabolic etiology in calculus formation. The ability of this method to give an undisturbed view of adjacent layers of elements in their natural state is of advantage in determining the sequence of formation of subsequent layers of chemical constituents.

Highlights in the history of X-ray topography1

1995 ◽  
Vol 210 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
Diffraction Theory ◽  
Dislocation Loops ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dislocation Sources ◽  
Non Destructive

AbstractX-ray topography provides a non-destructive method of mapping point-by-point variations in orientation and reflecting power within crystals. The discovery, made by several workers independently, that in nearly perfect crystals it was possible to detect individual dislocations by X-ray diffraction contrast started an epoch of rapid exploitation of X-ray topography as a new, general method for assessing crystal perfection. Another discovery, that of X-ray Pendellösung, led to important theoretical developments in X-ray diffraction theory and to a new and precise method for measuring structure factors on an absolute scale. Other highlights picked out for mention are studies of Frank-Read dislocation sources, the discovery of long dislocation helices and lines of coaxial dislocation loops in aluminium, of internal magnetic domain structures in Fe-3 wt.% Si, and of stacking faults in silicon and natural diamonds.

New Coordination Compounds of Fe(III) with Organic Ligands

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Flondor ◽  
Ioan Rosca ◽  
Doina Sibiescu ◽  
Mihaela-Aurelia Vizitiu ◽  
Daniel-Mircea Sutiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Complex Compounds ◽  
Organic Ligands ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Chemical Analysis ◽  
Structural Formulae ◽  
Paramagnetic Properties

In this paper the synthesis and the study of some complex compounds of Fe(III) with ligands derived from: 2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-phenyl)-ethanone (HL1), 1-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-phenylsulfanyl-ethanone(HL2), and 2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-1-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (HL3) is presented. The characterization of these complexes is based on method as: the elemental chemical analysis, IR and ESR spectroscopy, M�ssbauer, the thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. Study of the IR and chemical analysis has evidenced that the precipitates form are a complexes and the combination ratio of M:L is 1:2. The central atoms of Fe(III) presented paramagnetic properties and a octaedric hybridization. Starting from this precipitation reactions, a method for the gravimetric determination of Fe(III) with this organic ligands has been possible. Based on the experimental data on literature indications, the structural formulae of the complex compounds are assigned.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document