Sport events as experiencescapes: the spectator's perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstin Hallmann ◽  
Anita Zehrer ◽  
Julia Rietz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Revisit Intention ◽  
Sport Events

PurposeCombining sport event tourism and experience economy has led to an experience-based explanation of sport tourists' behavior and the creation of experiencescapes. This study aims to analyze the interdependence of perceived experiences and revisit intention across three events.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey, data (n = 986) were collected from spectators at the ice hockey world championships, the table tennis world championships and motorsport events (e.g. German-touring car championship). Entertainment, esthetics, escapism and education served as dimensions defining the experience at sport events and their association with revisit intention. The models were tested using confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling.FindingsThe four dimensions of experience were confirmed. Yet, they differ across the three sport events. For instance, whereas entertainment loaded highest on experience for all events, education had the second-highest factor loading for the table tennis event and esthetics for the ice hockey and motorsports events.Practical implicationsSport event marketers must understand spectators' experiences and the influence on post-consumption behavior. For motorsports, the promotional material should emphasize the esthetics of an experience, for ice hockey the entertainment, and for table tennis education is at the core of the experience.Originality/valueThis study employed the four realms of experience to a sport event setting, which is new. The results suggested that the three sport events provide distinct experiencescapes for the spectators.

Sport event tourists’ (SET’s) behavior: a case study of the PyeongChang Winter Olympics

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-284
Author(s):  
Jinwoo Park ◽  
Minhong Kim ◽  
John Nauright ◽  
Young Hoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Star Power ◽  
Revisit Intention ◽  
Revisit Intentions ◽  
Mega Event ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships among athlete star power, enjoyment and revisit intention of sport event tourists in a sport mega-event (SME). Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted in the context of 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games. A total of 419 respondents completed a survey. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Findings This study proved the final structure model fit well by having the values and scores higher than the minimum cutoff in all categories. Path coefficients indicate that H1a, H1c and H2 were supported while H1b was not supported by the analysis. In addition, enjoyment partially mediated the relationship between athlete star power and revisit intentions. In particular, two mediating effects were found: enjoyment mediated trustworthiness and revisit intention and expertise and revisit intention. However, enjoyment did not mediate the relationship between attractiveness and revisit intentions. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this study lies within two perspectives. Since the data have been collected in one country, the results may be viewed and interpreted for a specific location and time. Thus, it is strongly recommended to conduct the similar studies in the future Olympic Games. In the other perspective, the results could be different from one to another sport game because of the popularity by star power and game itself. Originality/value This study adds the literature on sport event research. Although there were a few studies on the effect of athlete star power, a dearth of research examined the relationships among athlete star power (trustworthiness, attractiveness and expertise), enjoyment and revisit intention. These results are valuable to SME managers to increase the propensity of tourists’ revisit intention at sport mega-event by understanding the factors that lead to increased tourist enjoyment.

Privacy helplessness on social media: its constituents, antecedents and consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hichang Cho
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences

PurposeMany internet users exhibit signs of privacy helplessness and entirely give up online privacy management. However, we know little about what privacy helplessness is, when users are likely to experience it and its implications for privacy behavior. The objectives of this study were twofold: (a) the conceptual explication of privacy helplessness as a novel construct in privacy research and (b) the development of a theoretical model that specifies the antecedents and consequences of privacy helplessness.Design/methodology/approachA research model of privacy helplessness that contains three subcomponents of privacy helplessness, five antecedents and one outcome was developed. The model was empirically examined based on survey data collected from 589 Facebook users in the USA.FindingsThe results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that privacy helplessness is adequately assessed by a three-factor model with affective, cognitive and motivational components. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that these three aspects of privacy helplessness are uniquely predicted by five theoretical factors: (a) prior experience of privacy risks, (b) personal mastery, (c) perceived costs of adaptive privacy actions, (d) perceived rewards of privacy inactions and (e) perceived vulnerability. Furthermore, it was found that helplessness as motivational deficits (and cognitive helplessness via this) impedes adaptive privacy actions, while cognitive helplessness promotes adaptive privacy actions when they do not result in motivational deficits.Originality/valueThis study pioneers investigation in understanding key constituents, attributes and processes underlying privacy helplessness. First, the present study developed the first theory-derived, successively validated measurement model of privacy helplessness. Second, this research proposed a theoretical model of privacy helplessness, specifying antecedents and consequences of privacy helplessness.

Impacts of city personality and image on revisit intention

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-bumm Kim ◽  
Sanggun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
City Image ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dynamic Image ◽  
Revisit Intention ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the causal relationships of city personality and city image, together with the possible effect of city image on the revisit intention of visitors, through empirical validation, so that some meaningful implications can reveal to city planners and marketers how the city tourists can be affected by the personality and image of the city. Design/methodology/approach – This study offers an integrated approach to understanding the relationship between city personality and city image. The research model investigates the relevant relationships among the underlying dimensions of city personality and city image by using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. Data obtained from a sample of 302 respondents drawn from a web-based survey in South Korea were analyzed with AMOS program. Findings – The results of this empirical study indicate that city personality positively or negatively affect city image depending on the nature of constructs. Positive relationships are found to exist between excitement as well as sophistication personality and dynamic image of city. On the contrary, the relationship between sincerity personality and dynamic image is negative. All the specific three images of city: dynamic, specific, and static image show positive impact on revisit intention of city tourists. Originality/value – The empirical results of this study provide tenable evidence that the proposed SEM designed to consider city personality and city image, and revisit intention simultaneously is acceptable. Even though in the previous literature, researchers tried to explain the relationship between city personality and city image, the conceptual model and empirical studies pertaining to causal relationships among those constructs have not been thoroughly examined. It is believed that this study has a substantial capability for generating more precise applications related to city tourism, especially concerning city personality and city image.

scholarly journals Exploring the role of service quality, atmosphere and food for revisits in restaurants by using a e-mystery guest approach

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Fabian Bichler ◽  
Birgit Pikkemaat ◽  
Mike Peters
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Revisit Intention

PurposeQuality in foodservices has become essential, and new methodological ways of determining service quality enable a better representation of service processes and help to increase revisits. This paper focuses on the foodservice context and explores the relationship between staff-related service dimensions, atmosphere, food quality and revisit in a full-service setting.Design/methodology/approachThis study combines an often neglected mystery guest approach with partial least square–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to shed more light on customers' service perceptions. The mystery guest approach has been updated with a digitally supported smartphone questionnaire (e-mystery) that provides more reliable results since previous measurements experienced difficulties of feasibility in time-limited settings (N = 247).FindingsThe findings of this study confirm the direct effects of the service quality dimensions reliability, attentiveness and atmosphere on revisit intention and highlight the mediating role of food quality. In detail, the findings showed significant results for service employees' reliability and attentiveness and underlined the role of atmosphere for revisit intention.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper supplements that mystery guest approaches represent a reliable alternative to convenience sampling, especially in combination with a digitally supported questionnaire (e-mystery). Thereby, this paper suggests the further application of e-mystery for the hospitality and tourism industry. In terms of implications, this study highlights the importance of securing food quality by fostering specialized schools and training programs for career starters. Since the findings stress the importance of service quality and atmosphere, managers need to ensure that employees are trained in culturally sensitive communication and services to excel in service-related dimensions.

Spectator satisfaction model for mass participant sport events: antecedents and consequences

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanling Duan ◽  
Bing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Event Image ◽  
Satisfaction Model ◽  
Participant Sport

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose and examine an integrated model of spectator satisfaction in mass participant sport events.Design/methodology/approachThe Wuhan marathon, held in the middle of China, was selected serve for the study to examine the antecedents and consequences of spectator satisfaction at mass participant sport events. Data were collected from 956 spectators of the event on the day of the race. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the research model proposed by this study.FindingsStructural equation modeling results indicate the following. First, the event image and perceived social impact of the event are important predictive factors of spectator satisfaction. Second, spectator satisfaction is positively associated with behavioral intentions toward the event and the sponsors' product. Third, spectator satisfaction plays a significant mediating role between the antecedents and consequences; specifically, compared to perceived social impacts of the event, event image has greater indirect effects on both event-related behavioral intentions and event sponsors' products.Originality/valueUntil now, there has not been an integrated research study on the sport spectator satisfaction model in the context of mass participant sport events. This paper thus extends the understanding of the spectator satisfaction in the context of mass participant sport events, and the findings provide valuable implications for holding cities and event organizers of mass participant sport events in emerging countries.

Factors influencing sport tourists’ revisit intentions

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyed Mohsen Allameh ◽  
Javad Khazaei Pool ◽  
Akbar Jaberi ◽  
Reza Salehzadeh ◽  
Hassan Asadi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Revisit Intention

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships among destination image, perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction and revisit intention of sport tourism in Iran. Design/methodology/approach – Statistical population of this research consisted of those tourists who traveled to Mazandaran province in Iran as a sport tourism destination in 2012. A random sample of 1,250 tourists was asked to respond to questionnaires from which 886 accurate questionnaires were used for analysing data. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the relationships among the research variables. Findings – The results showed that sport tourists’ perception of destination image, perceived quality and perceived value influenced their satisfaction and revisit intention positively. Originality/value – The results of this research help to better understand the behavioral intentions, which can be an acceptable basis to increase sport tourists’ visit and revisit of a sport destination.

scholarly journals Sponsorship in Beach Volleyball: effects of event quality, spectator satisfaction and brand experience on brand equity

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-227
Author(s):  
Paula Yumi Yamamoto ◽  
Filipe Quevedo-Silva ◽  
Leandro Carlos Mazzei
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brand Experience ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Sport Sponsorship ◽  
Sport Events

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of event quality, spectator satisfaction and experience on brand equity of the sponsor in a sport event. In order to carry out this study, 352 spectators that attended the Banco do Brasil (Bank of Brazil) Circuit of Beach Volleyball answered a closed questionnaire. For data analysis, it is used the structural equation modeling. The results indicated that the quality of the event generates satisfaction, which confi rms increases the brand equity of the event sponsor. In addition, the spectators’ experience with the sponsoring brand also confirms the positive impact on brand equity. The quality of the event, the satisfaction of the spectators with the event and their sponsor's brand experience are elements that, if well managed and explored, contribute positively to sponsors’ brand equity. These strategies should be aimed both by sports managers, as a way to attract and retain sponsors, and by sponsors’ brand managers, as a way to get return on investment. For this purpose, the sport managers and sponsors should undertake a planning together to offer a high-quality event enabling an environment that provides spectators’ satisfaction and a positive experience with the sponsor brand. In theoretical terms, this research brought greater knowledge about the return of investments made by companies on sport sponsorship, and, the use of statistical methods in this study can be replicated, adjusted or even enhanced in future researches that investigate the theme sport events and their sponsors.

scholarly journals Investigating Brand Image Transfer in Sport Sponsorship Of a Participation Sport Event in Singapore

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-275
Author(s):  
Cheryl Chiu ◽  
Do Young Pyun
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Image Transfer ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Sport Sponsorship ◽  
Brand Marketing ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Corporate Sponsors

The interest from corporate sponsors in participation sport events in Singapore has increased. This study explores the applicability of the model for brand image transfer in a local participation sport event as to whether sponsor–event congruence, event emotions, and attitude still work as driving variables for brand image transfer. The data were collected from 224 event participants (aged from 16 to 40) at Surf n Sweat, which was Singapore's biggest beach running event. The questionnaire consisted of the items measuring sponsor–event congruence, event emotions, attitude towards the event, attitude towards the sponsor, and purchase intention. A structural equation modeling supports an adequate overall and internal fit of the model to the data. The path analysis shows that sponsor–event congruence significantly influenced positive event emotions (β = ;0.31), positive event emotions significantly influenced attitude towards the event (β = 0.73), event attitude significantly influenced attitude towards the sponsor (β = 0.33), and sponsor attitude significantly influenced purchase intention (β = 0.82). However, negative event emotion did not mediate the relationship between sponsor–event congruence and event attitude. The findings provide empirical evidence of consumer behavior in brand image transfer, thereby benefiting corporate sponsors looking to explore event sponsorship for their brand marketing in Singapore.

The effects of historical satisfaction, provided services characteristics and website dimensions on encounter overall satisfaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Laureti ◽  
Michela Piccarozzi ◽  
Barbara Aquilani
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Travel Industry ◽  
Past Experiences

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the real role of historical satisfaction (HSat), i.e., satisfaction only deriving from past experiences, excluding the most recent, in B2C service contexts when services are experienced offline, while the actual services are purchased online through the service providers’ website. Design/methodology/approach The proposed conceptual framework was tested by focusing on a particular travel industry firm which is responsible for providing travel services as well as managing the website where these services are purchased. The study population included customers who had purchased at least two travel tickets during the last 12 months online. In order to reduce possible self-selection bias and to improve the generalizability of the web survey findings, post-stratification was applied. The measurement model was evaluated by using confirmatory factor analyses. The direct and indirect effects of HSat on encounter overall satisfaction (EOS) were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings The direct effect of HSat on EOS was observed to be higher than its indirect effect through offline service dimensions and website dimensions. It was also observed that offline service dimensions have a direct impact on EOS, while they do not have an indirect impact since the website dimensions do not have a direct effect on EOS. Research limitations/implications Historical satisfaction is really important in building EOS for services purchased previously online but experienced offline. Practical implications The results could provide managers with useful tools for allocating resources and also build an even higher level of EOS. They also shed light on how HSat molds offline service perception for services sold online. Originality/value To the authors’s knowledge, only one empirical paper focused on “historical satisfaction,” while no studies have taken into consideration the fact that service offline dimensions and e-customer satisfaction could be indirectly linked by website quality dimensions, the issue studied in this paper.

Shaping the consumers’ attitudes towards Halal food products in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmut Selami Akın ◽  
Abdullah Okumuş
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Tripartite Model ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Halal Food

Purpose The study aims to examine the consumers’ attitudes toward halal food products based on tripartite model. Regarding this, the effect of halal food awareness, perceived risk and behavioral tendency on attitudes toward halal food products are investigated. Design/methodology/approach 343 valid questionnaires were obtained. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to ensure content validity, and structural equation modeling was progressed to test the relationships among variables through IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 and AMOS 23.0 software. Findings Research validates the tripartite model of attitude and suggests attitude toward halal food is formed by predominantly behavioral tendency and partially psychological drivers, rather than cognitive elements. Research limitations/implications The characteristics of participants should be different and larger sample may provide some other results. The product or service context should be different, for example, halal cosmetic, halal hygienic, halal tourism. Practical implications Trigger messages may put forward in marketing communications activity for halal food products marketing and halal certificated food brands need to establish their distribution networks effectively to get closer with consumers. Originality/value Attitudes towards halal products represent the key driver of consumer behavior for the development of marketing strategies in certified halal firms addressing both domestic and foreign markets. It is the first study examining Turkish consumer attitudes toward halal food product using tripartite model in the field of halal consumption behavior. The paper offers a different methodological framework and it could be potentially of interest for scholars, marketers and policy makers.

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