Design and Manufacture of the Wing Folding Mechanism for a Bioinspired Ornithopter

AbstractA survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.

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Bio-inspired wing-folding mechanism of micro air vehicle (MAV)

Artificial Life and Robotics ◽

10.1007/s10015-016-0339-9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 203-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tomohiro Jitsukawa ◽

Hisaya Adachi ◽

Takamichi Abe ◽

Hiroshi Yamakawa ◽

Shinjiro Umezu

Keyword(s):

Micro Air Vehicle ◽

Folding Mechanism ◽

Air Vehicle ◽

Wing Folding

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A STUDY OF UNMANNED GLIDER DESIGN, SIMULATION, AND MANUFACTURING

CBU International Conference Proceedings ◽

10.12955/cbup.v5.1072 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 1064-1070

Author(s):

Anil Demircali ◽

Huseyin Uvet

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

Fixed Size ◽

Sensory Data ◽

Folding Mechanism ◽

Compact Design ◽

Neodymium Magnets ◽

Wing Folding ◽

Longitudinal Distance ◽

Destination Point ◽

Size Container

This paper describes a mini unmanned glider's design, simulation, and manufacturing with a wing-folding mechanism. The mini-glider is designed for the CANSAT 2016 competition, which has the theme of a Mars glider concept with atmosphere data acquisition. The aim is to facilitate transportation and to land it to the destination point. Having a light and compact design is important since it is a glider without an engine and it uses power only for the transmission of sensory data. The glider is produced with a wingspan which is 440 mm, and its longitudinal distance is 304 mm. The wings can be packaged in a fixed size container whose dimensions are 125 mm in diameter and 310 mm in height. The glider's weight is only 144 gr, and it can increase up to 500 gr with maximum with payload. The mechanism, which includes springs and neodymium magnets for wing-folding, is capable of being ready in 98 ms for gliding after separation from its container. The mini-glider is capable of telemetry, communications, and other sensory operations autonomously during flight.

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Bio-inspired wing folding mechanism of micro air vehicle

The Proceedings of the Conference on Information Intelligence and Precision Equipment IIP ◽

10.1299/jsmeiip.2016.h-3-6 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 (0) ◽

pp. H-3-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hisaya ADACHI ◽

Tomohiro JITSUKAWA ◽

Takamichi ABE ◽

Hiroshi YAMAKAWA ◽

Shinjirou UMEZU

Keyword(s):

Micro Air Vehicle ◽

Folding Mechanism ◽

Air Vehicle ◽

Wing Folding

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Earwig fan designing: Biomimetic and evolutionary biology applications

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.2005769117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (30) ◽

pp. 17622-17626 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazuya Saito ◽

Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente ◽

Kôichi Arimoto ◽

Young ah Seong ◽

Hitoshi Aonuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Biology ◽

Design Guidelines ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Evolutionary Patterns ◽

Deep Time ◽

X Ray ◽

Folding Mechanism ◽

Transitional Forms ◽

Designing Method ◽

Wing Folding

Technologies to fold structures into compact shapes are required in multiple engineering applications. Earwigs (Dermaptera) fold their fanlike hind wings in a unique, highly sophisticated manner, granting them the most compact wing storage among all insects. The structural and material composition, in-flight reinforcement mechanisms, and bistable property of earwig wings have been previously studied. However, the geometrical rules required to reproduce their complex crease patterns have remained uncertain. Here we show the method to design an earwig-inspired fan by considering the flat foldability in the origami model, as informed by X-ray microcomputed tomography imaging. As our dedicated designing software shows, the earwig fan can be customized into artificial deployable structures of different sizes and configurations for use in architecture, aerospace, mechanical engineering, and daily use items. Moreover, the proposed method is able to reconstruct the wing-folding mechanism of an ancient earwig relative, the 280-million-year-oldProtelytron permianum. This allows us to propose evolutionary patterns that explain how extant earwigs acquired their wing-folding mechanism and to project hypothetical, extinct transitional forms. Our findings can be used as the basic design guidelines in biomimetic research for harnessing the excellent engineering properties of earwig wings, and demonstrate how a geometrical designing method can reveal morphofunctional evolutionary constraints and predict plausible biological disparity in deep time.

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Mini Glider Design and Implementation with Wing-Folding Mechanism

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8091541 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1541 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ali Demircali ◽

Huseyin Uvet

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

Fixed Size ◽

Sensory Data ◽

Design And Implementation ◽

Folding Mechanism ◽

Compact Design ◽

Wing Folding ◽

Destination Point ◽

Size Container

This paper describes a mini unmanned glider’s design, simulation, and manufacturing with a novel wing-folding mechanism. The mini-glider is designed for CanSat competition, which has a theme of a Mars glider concept with atmosphere data acquisition. The aim is to facilitate the transportation of the glider and to land it on the destination point by following strict rules. Having a light and compact design is important since it uses power for the transmission of sensory data only. Dimensions of the glider is produced with a wingspan that is 440 mm and a length of 304 mm. The wings can be stowed in a fixed size container that has a diameter of 125 mm and a height of 310 mm. Its weight is only 144 g and it can increase up to 500 g maximum with a payload. The mechanism, which includes springs and neodymium N48 grade magnets for a wing-folding system, is capable of being ready in 98 ms for gliding after separating from its container. The mini-glider is capable of telemetering, communicating, and conducting other sensory operations autonomously during the flight.

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