Study on working bodies of the soil preparation machine for sowing potatoes

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the parameters of the guide knife and the loosening pointed leg of the machine. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis and statistics were used in this study. Theoretical studies were carried out to determine the parameters of the guide knife and the loosening pointed leg of the machine. It is established that to ensure the required value of the crest height with minimal energy consumption, the height and length of the guide knife should be 8 and 15 cm, respectively, the angle of the knife blade to the horizon - 30º, the longitudinal distance from the toe of the ploughshare body of the knife toe – 13 cm. To ensure the required crumbling of the soil, the width of the pointed loosening paw should be 15 cm.

Study on combined machine for the subsurface soil treatment

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the relative position of the working bodies of a combined machine for non-fall tillage of winter crops. The design scheme and the principle of operation of the combined machine are given. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis and statistics were used in this study. It is established that the most optimal design scheme of a combined machine for non-tillage of the soil and its preparation for sowing of repeated crops is considered to be a scheme consisting of non-tillage cases with crushers, a battery with cut-out spherical disks and a roller. According to the results of theoretical and experimental studies, it was found that with a longitudinal distance between the shaft-free bodies of 40 cm and a transverse distance of 90 cm, a longitudinal distance from the toe of the ploughshare to the center of the support wheel of 50 cm and a longitudinal distance from the toe of the ploughshare of the shaft-free body to the axis of rotation of the cut-out spherical disk of 120 cm, a longitudinal distance from the axis of rotation of the cut-out spherical disk to the center of the roller of 75 cm, high-quality tillage with minimal energy costs is provided.

Increasing the Safety of Adaptive Cruise Control Using Physics-Guided Reinforcement Learning

This paper presents a novel approach for improving the safety of vehicles equipped with Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) by making use of Machine Learning (ML) and physical knowledge. More exactly, we train a Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm that makes use of physical knowledge such as the jam-avoiding distance in order to automatically adjust the ideal longitudinal distance between the ego- and leading-vehicle, resulting in a safer solution. In our use case, the experimental results indicate that the physics-guided (PG) RL approach is better at avoiding collisions at any selected deceleration level and any fleet size when compared to a pure RL approach, proving that a physics-informed ML approach is more reliable when developing safe and efficient Artificial Intelligence (AI) components in autonomous vehicles (AVs).

Numerical Study on the Influence of Vortex Generator Arrangement on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Oil-Cooled Motor

At present, vortex generators have been extensively used in radiators to improve the overall heat transfer performance. However, there is no research on the effect of vortex generators on the ends of motor coils. Meanwhile, the current research mainly concentrates on the attack angle, shape and size, and lacks a detailed study on the transverse and longitudinal distance and arrangement of vortex generators. In this paper, the improved dimensionless number is used as the key index to evaluate the overall performance of enhanced heat transfer. Firstly, the influence of the attack angle on heat transfer enhancement is discussed through a single pair of rectangular vortex generators, and the results demonstrate that the vortex generator with a 45° attack angle is superior. On this basis, we compare the effects of different longitudinal distances (2 h, 4 h, and 6 h, h meaning the height of vortex generator) on enhanced heat transfer under four distribution modes: Flow-Up (FU), Flow-Down (FU), Flow-Up-Down (FUD), Flow-Down-UP (FDU). Thereafter, the performances of different transverse distances (0.25 h, 0.5 h, and 0.75 h) of the vortex generators are numerically simulated. When comparing the longitudinal distances, FD with a longitudinal distance of 4 h (FD-4h) performs well when the Reynolds number is less than 4000, and FU with a longitudinal distance of 4 h (FU-4h) performs better when the Reynolds number is greater than 4000. Similarly, in the comparison of transverse distances, FD-4h still performs well when the Reynolds number is less than 4000, and FU with a longitudinal distance of 4 h and transverse distance of 0.5 h (FU-4h − 0.5h) is more prominent when the Reynolds number is greater than 4000.

Analysis of the Influence of the Vortex Shedder Shape on the Metrological Properties of the Vortex Flow Meter

Vortex flow meters are used to measure the flow of gases and liquids. The flow meters of this type measure the frequency of vortices that arise behind an obstacle set in the path of the flowing fluid. The frequency is a function of the speed of the flowing fluid. This obstacle is called the vortex shedder bar. The advantage of this solution is that the frequency of vortices does not viscose on the rheological properties of the fluid, such as viscosity or density. As a result, the indications of the vortex flowmeter do not depend on the temperature and type of fluid. The work includes numerical and experimental studies of the effect of changing the shape of a vortex generator on the stability of vortex generation in a vortex flowmeter. The article presents a numerical analysis of the influence of selected surfaces of the vortex shedder on the parameters of the vortex flowmeter. In order to determine the influence of the shape of the vortex shedder on the type of generated vortices, simulations were carried out for various flow velocities. Numerical calculations were experimentally verified for a cylinder-shaped vortex shedder. The experimental tests consist in determining the velocity field behind the vortex shedder. For this purpose, a proprietary method of determining local liquid velocities and the visualization of local vortices were used. On the basis of the conducted research, the influence of the shape of the vortex shedder on the width of the von Karman vortex street was determined and the optimal longitudinal distance from the shedder was determined in which it is most useful to measure the frequency of the vortices. This place ensures the stability of the frequency of the generated vortices.

Research on the Monocular Ranging Method of the Leading Vehicle in Multi-weather

In order to improve the accuracy of the monocular distance measurement of the vehicle in front under sunny, cloudy, rainy, snowy, and foggy weather, an improved pixel-mapping monocular distance measurement method is proposed. This method is based on eight-connected domains to detect the front vehicle, obtain the line pixels of the target vehicle in the image, and fit the image line pixels to the corresponding real longitudinal distance function, and combine the fitted function with the internal and external parameters of the camera. An improved pixel-mapping monocular ranging model is obtained. Set up a test environment under different weather to verify the feasibility of the algorithm. The results show that in the four environments, the detectable distances are within 70m, 60m, 30m, and 40m respectively; the error of the improved pixel-mapping monocular ranging method is reduced by 0.6% on average compared with before the improvement, up to 0.92% ; The improved algorithm ranging errors under the four weathers are 1.8513%, 2.6987%, 4.0137%, and 2.5795% respectively, which achieves the purpose of improving the accuracy of the monocular distance measurement of the vehicle in front under multiple weather conditions.

Combination machine for soil preparation and sowing of gourds

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the method and design scheme of a combined machine for preparing the soil and sowing melons. The authors propose a new method of soil preparation and sowing, as well as a machine for its implementation. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis, and statistics were used in this study. The method of preparing the soil and planting gourds provides a combination of the following technological processes: the turnover of the layers of the upper layer of soil, the sowing area to the left and to the right, shallow tilling the soil of the field with the left and right sides of the sowing area, deep tillage seeding areas with simultaneous formation of irrigation furrows and the local application of fertilizers, soil preparation for sowing in line sowing and sowing seeds of melons. The machine consists of lister housings installed along the axis of symmetry of the unit, flat cutters, parallel-type deep-diggers, furrowers, coulters for fertilizing, and a sowing device. It was found that preparation of soil for sowing and planting of melons with a minimum expenditure of energy is provided by the width of Lusternik buildings 86 cm, the width of tillers and cultivators, respectively, 45 and 33 cm, the longitudinal distance between the body and the plane of 35 cm between the cultivators of 42.3 cm, and longitudinal spacing of the chisel cultivator and sowing device 110 cm.

Ripper for processing slope fields

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the parameters of a spherical disk working body. New technology of tillage of slope fields that prevent water erosion, a design scheme of a ripper for its implementation is presented. The ripper consists of lower and upper working bodies of the “paraglider” type and a spherical disk. The study applied the laws and rules of theoretical mechanics, agricultural mechanics, mathematical statistics, and methods of strain measurement and the methods given in the existing regulatory documents (TSt 63.04.2001, TSt 63.03.2001). The new technology of tillage of slope fields makes it possible to form step ridges on the surface of the arable land and on the bottom of the furrow, which protects the soil of the slopes from water erosion. It is established that when the diameter of the spherical disk of 510 mm, the curvature radius of 56 mm, tilt angle relative to the direction of motion of 28-30° to the vertical at an angle of 17-18°, the transverse and longitudinal distance between the disc and work on the bottom ripper respectively 30 and 20 cm ensures the formation of ridges on the surface of the field according to agrotechnical requirements at a minimum cost of energy.

Conduction Band Edge Energy Profile Probed by Hall Offset Voltage in InGaZnO Thin Films

We measured and analyzed the Hall offset voltages in InGaZnO thin-film transistors. The Hall offset voltages were found to decrease monotonously as the electron densities increased. We attributed the magnitude of the offset voltage to the misalignment in the longitudinal distance between the probing points and the electron density to Fermi energy of the two-dimensional electron system, which was verified by the coincidence of the Hall voltage with the perpendicular magnetic field in the tilted magnetic field. From these results, we deduced the combined conduction band edge energy profiles from the Hall offset voltages with the electron density variations for three samples with different threshold voltages. The extracted combined conduction band edge varied by a few tens of meV over a longitudinal distance of a few tenths of µm. This result is in good agreement with the value obtained from the analysis of percolation conduction.