Cost Efficient Wireless Camera Sensor Deployment Strategy for Environment Monitoring Applications

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Ting Lin ◽  
Kewal K. Saluja ◽  
Seapahn Megerian
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Deployment ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Deployment Strategy ◽  
Monitoring Applications ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Camera Sensor

scholarly journals Scintillator Pixel Detectors for Measurement of Compton Scattering

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihael Makek ◽  
Damir Bosnar ◽  
Luka Pavelić
Keyword(s):  
Compton Scattering ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Pixel Detectors ◽  
Coincidence Mode ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Electronic Channels ◽  
Coincidence Time

The Compton scattering of gamma rays is commonly detected using two detector layers, the first for detection of the recoil electron and the second for the scattered gamma. We have assembled detector modules consisting of scintillation pixels, which are able to detect and reconstruct the Compton scattering of gammas with only one readout layer. This substantially reduces the number of electronic channels and opens the possibility to construct cost-efficient Compton scattering detectors for various applications such as medical imaging, environment monitoring, or fundamental research. A module consists of a 4 × 4 matrix of lutetium fine silicate scintillators and is read out by a matching silicon photomultiplier array. Two modules have been tested with a 22 Na source in coincidence mode, and the performance in the detection of 511 keV gamma Compton scattering has been evaluated. The results show that Compton events can be clearly distinguished with a mean energy resolution of 12.2% ± 0.7% in a module and a coincidence time resolution of 0 . 56 ± 0 . 02 ns between the two modules.

scholarly journals New Techniques for Sizing Solar Photovoltaic Panels for Environment Monitoring Sensor Nodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Maximus Byamukama ◽  
Geofrey Bakkabulindi ◽  
Roseline Akol ◽  
Julianne Sansa-Otim
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Panel Size ◽  
Error Factor ◽  
Monitoring Applications ◽  
Battery State Of Charge

The development of perpetually powered sensor networks for environment monitoring to avoid periodic battery replacement and to ensure the network never goes offline due to power is one of the primary goals in sensor network design. In many environment-monitoring applications, the sensor network is internet-connected, making the energy budget high because data must be transmitted regularly to a server through an uplink device. Determining the optimal solar panel size that will deliver sufficient energy to the sensor network in a given period is therefore of primary importance. The traditional technique of sizing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is based on balancing the solar panel power rating and expected hours of radiation in a given area with the load wattage and hours of use. However, factors like the azimuth and tilt angles of alignment, operating temperature, dust accumulation, intermittent sunshine and seasonal effects influencing the duration of maximum radiation in a day all reduce the expected power output and cause this technique to greatly underestimate the required solar panel size. The majority of these factors are outside the scope of human control and must be therefore be budgeted for using an error factor. Determining of the magnitude of the error factor to use is crucial to prevent not only undersizing the panel, but also to prevent oversizing which will increase the cost of operationalizing the sensor network. But modeling error factors when there are many parameters to consider is not trivial. Equally importantly, the concept of microclimate may cause any two nodes of similar specifications to have very different power performance when located in the same climatological zone. There is then a need to change the solar panel sizing philosophy for these systems. This paper proposed the use of actual observed solar radiation and battery state of charge data in a realistic WSN-based automatic weather station in an outdoor uncontrolled environment. We then develop two mathematical models that can be used to determine the required minimum solar PV wattage that will ensure that the battery stays above a given threshold given the weather patterns of the area. The predicted and observed battery state of charge values have correlations of 0.844 and 0.935 and exhibit Root Mean Square Errors of 9.2% and 1.7% for the discrete calculus model and the transfer function estimation (TFE) model respectively. The results show that the models perform very well in state of charge prediction and subsequent determination of ideal solar panel rating for sensor networks used in environment monitoring applications.

scholarly journals A Model of Extracellular Enzymes in Free-Living Microbes: Which Strategy Pays Off?

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 7385-7393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachia J. Traving ◽  
Uffe H. Thygesen ◽  
Lasse Riemann ◽  
Colin A. Stedmon
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Extracellular Enzyme ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Deployment Strategy ◽  
Solitary Cell ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Refractory State ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
Cost Efficient

ABSTRACTAn initial modeling approach was applied to analyze how a single, nonmotile, free-living, heterotrophic bacterial cell may optimize the deployment of its extracellular enzymes. Free-living cells live in a dilute and complex substrate field, and to gain enough substrate, their extracellular enzymes must be utilized efficiently. The model revealed that surface-attached and free enzymes generate unique enzyme and substrate fields, and each deployment strategy has distinctive advantages. For a solitary cell, surface-attached enzymes are suggested to be the most cost-efficient strategy. This strategy entails potential substrates being reduced to very low concentrations. Free enzymes, on the other hand, generate a radically different substrate field, which suggests significant benefits for the strategy if free cells engage in social foraging or experience high substrate concentrations. Swimming has a slight positive effect for the attached-enzyme strategy, while the effect is negative for the free-enzyme strategy. The results of this study suggest that specific dissolved organic compounds in the ocean likely persist below a threshold concentration impervious to biological utilization. This could help explain the persistence and apparent refractory state of oceanic dissolved organic matter (DOM). Microbial extracellular enzyme strategies, therefore, have important implications for larger-scale processes, such as shaping the role of DOM in ocean carbon sequestration.

scholarly journals Aggregated Massive Modular Paradigm: A 6G Telecom Infrastructure Vision

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent PETIT ◽  
Jean-Baptiste DORE ◽  
Eric MERCIER ◽  
Claude BROCHETON ◽  
Julien LEGRAND ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Great Benefit ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Deployment Strategy ◽  
Data Throughput ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Telecom Infrastructure

<p>Our novel disruptive deployment strategy focuses on using cost-efficient modules along with aggregated connectivity that target 6G data throughput and capacity requirement. From our perspective it would be a great benefit to operators and users. Cost effectiveness will be met through integration and volume. Indeed, cost efficiency would be derived from mass-market of sub-6GHz devices (already mainly COTS) and later toward mmW such as 5G-FR2 and near-THz. Our shared vision provides a great perspective for ubiquitous modularity and pervasive networks which are clear and challenging objectives of 6G roadmaps.</p> <p>Authors propose a vision and are grateful for open discussions.</p><br>

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