Micro - GAGE: A Low-power Compact GAGE Hash Function Processor for IoT Applications

Narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT) is a low power wide area network technology with numerous benefits over conventional technologies. The main advantages of NB-IoT are low-power, low-cost, long battery life, wider deployment, and many more. Along with these advantages, knowledge of the location of the devices for both the indoor and outdoor environments will have an added benefit for NB-IoT applications. The current global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) chipsets will drain the limited available battery and will not be useful for localization in NB-IoT applications while the global positioning system (GPS) applications accuracy is not enough to support NB-IoT applications. For NB-IoT implementation, having low per-unit cost of the devices is an important aspect along with other features mentioned earlier, and hence there is a need to have limited hardware components like processor, battery, and memory. Therefore, the main challenge for enabling a positioning system lies in the proper radio management and balancing of power consumption against the performance of the system. In this chapter, different localization methods, techniques, and metrics are discussed. The choice of each one of these depends on the application requirement. The standardization of NB-IoT is in the process and its current status as per the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications are also highlighted.

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Energy and Spectrally Efficient Modulation Scheme for IoT Applications

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18124382 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 4382 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hany Hussein ◽

Mohamed Elsayed ◽

Mahmoud Fakhry ◽

Usama Sayed Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Closed Form ◽

Fading Channels ◽

Low Cost ◽

Superior Performance ◽

Closed Form Expression ◽

Modulation Scheme ◽

Power Budget ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Phy Layer

Due to the Internet of Things (IoT) requirements for a high-density network with low-cost and low-power physical (PHY) layer design, the low-power budget transceiver systems have drawn momentous attention lately owing to their superior performance enhancement in both energy efficiency and hardware complexity reduction. As the power budget of the classical transceivers is envisioned by using inefficient linear power amplifiers (PAs) at the transmitter (TX) side and by applying high-resolution analog to digital converters (ADCs) at the receiver (RX) side, the transceiver architectures with low-cost PHY layer design (i.e., nonlinear PA at the TX and one-bit ADC at the RX) are mandated to cope with the vast IoT applications. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the orthogonal shaping pulses minimum shift keying (OSP-MSK) as a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) modulation/demodulation scheme in order to design the low-cost transceiver architectures associated with the IoT devices. The OSP-MSK fulfills a low-power budget by using constant envelope modulation (CEM) techniques at the TX side, and by applying a low-resolution one-bit ADC at the RX side. Furthermore, the OSP-MSK provides a higher spectral efficiency compared to the recently introduced MIMO-CEM with the one-bit ADC. In this context, the orthogonality between the in-phase and quadrature-phase components of the OSP are exploited to increase the number of transmitted bits per symbol (bps) without the need for extra bandwidth. The performance of the proposed scheme is investigated analytically and via Monte Carlo simulations. For the mathematical analysis, we derive closed-form expressions for assessing the average bit error rate (ABER) performance of the OSP-MSK modulation in conjunction with Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels. Moreover, a closed-form expression for evaluating the power spectral density (PSD) of the proposed scheme is obtained as well. The simulation results corroborate the potency of the conducted analysis by revealing a high consistency with the obtained analytical formulas.

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