Learning the face space-representation and recognition

Lateral caricatures are transformed faces like caricatures but the transformation is orthogonal (in the face-space, Valentine, 1991) to the direction of caricaturization. It has been reported that lateral caricatures are more difficult to recognize than anti-caricatures (Rhodes & Tremewan, 1994). To investigate this effect, oblique caricatures (transformed obliquely to caricaturing) were generated by morphing between a veridical face and a reference face. Two experiments used a forced-choice similarity task to find which images are perceived to have the least change from the veridical. An advantage for caricatures over anti-caricatures was found, but none was found between oblique and anti-caricatures. Performance of theoretical lateral caricatures was extrapolated from the oblique caricature data. These lateral caricatures would be perceived as more similar to the veridical faces than were the anti-caricatures.

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How familiarity warps representation in the face space

Journal of Vision ◽

10.1167/jov.20.7.18 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Vassiki Chauhan ◽

Ilona Kotlewska ◽

Sunny Tang ◽

M. Ida Gobbini

Keyword(s):

Face Space ◽

The Face

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Caricature Effects, Distinctiveness, and Identification: Testing the Face-Space Framework

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/1467-9280.00274 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 379-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Kieran Lee ◽

Graham Byatt ◽

Gillian Rhodes

Keyword(s):

Face Space ◽

The Face

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The Face-Space Typicality Paradox: Understanding the Face-Space Metaphor

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A ◽

10.1080/713755768 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 475-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

A. Mike Burton ◽

John R. Vokey

Keyword(s):

Face Processing ◽

Dimensional Space ◽

Short Note ◽

High Dimensional ◽

Human Face ◽

Face Space ◽

The Face

Some recent accounts of human face processing use the idea of “face space”, considered to be a multi-dimensional space whose dimensions correspond to ways in which faces can vary. Within this space, “typicality” is sometimes taken to reflect the proximity of a face to its local neighbours. Intuitions about the distribution of faces within the space may suggest that the majority of faces will be “typical” in these terms. However, when typicality measures are taken, researchers very rarely find that faces cluster at the “typical” end of the scale. In this short note we attempt to resolve this paradox and point out that reasoning about high dimensional distributions requires that some specific assumptions are made explicit.

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The Role of Familiarity in a Face Classification Task Using Thatcherized Faces

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A ◽

10.1080/02724980443000494 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 1103-1118 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sarah V. Stevenage ◽

Elizabeth A. Lee ◽

Nick Donnelly

Keyword(s):

Visual Processing ◽

Target Face ◽

Classification Task ◽

Space Model ◽

Face Space ◽

Face Classification ◽

Early Visual Processing ◽

The Face ◽

Theoretical Developments

Two experiments are reported to test the proposition that facial familiarity influences processing on a face classification task. Thatcherization was used to generate distorted versions of familiar and unfamiliar individuals. Using both a 2AFC (which is “odd”?) task to pairs of images (Experiment 1) and an “odd/normal” task to single images (Experiment 2), results were consistent and indicated that familiarity with the target face facilitated the face classification decision. These results accord with the proposal that familiarity influences the early visual processing of faces. Results are evaluated with respect to four theoretical developments of Valentine's (1991) face-space model, and can be accommodated with the two models that assume familiarity to be encoded within a region of face space.

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Low-dimensional representation of faces in higher dimensions of the face space

Journal of the Optical Society of America A ◽

10.1364/josaa.10.000405 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 405 ◽

Cited By ~ 155

Author(s):

A. J. O’Toole ◽

K. A. Deffenbacher ◽

D. Valentin ◽

H. Abdi

Keyword(s):

Higher Dimensions ◽

Dimensional Representation ◽

Face Space ◽

The Face ◽

Low Dimensional

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Reverse engineering the face space: Discovering the critical features for face identification

Journal of Vision ◽

10.1167/16.3.40 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Naphtali Abudarham ◽

Galit Yovel

Keyword(s):

Reverse Engineering ◽

Face Identification ◽

Face Space ◽

The Face

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Neuronal Correlates of Face Identification in the Monkey Anterior Temporal Cortical Areas

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00198.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 358-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Satoshi Eifuku ◽

Wania C. De Souza ◽

Ryoi Tamura ◽

Hisao Nishijo ◽

Taketoshi Ono

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Response Latency ◽

Temporal Correlation ◽

Face Identification ◽

Neuronal Responses ◽

Identification Task ◽

Face Space ◽

Facial Identity ◽

Behavioral Reaction ◽

The Face

To investigate the neuronal basis underlying face identification, the activity of face neurons in the anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) and the anterior inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) of macaque monkeys was analyzed during their performance of a face-identification task. The face space was composed by the activities of face neurons during the face-identification task, based on a multidimensional scaling (MDS) method; the face space composed by the anterior STS neurons represented facial views, whereas that composed by the anterior ITG neurons represented facial identity. The temporal correlation between the behavioral reaction time of the animal and the latency of face-related neuronal responses was also analyzed. The response latency of some of the face neurons in the anterior ITG exhibited a significant correlation with the behavioral reaction time, whereas this correlation was not significant in the anterior STS. The correlation of the latency of face-related neuronal responses in the anterior ITG with the behavioral reaction time was not found to be attributed to the correlation between the response latency and the magnitude of the neuronal responses. The present results suggest that the anterior ITG is closely related to judgments of facial identity, and that the anterior STS is closely related to analyses of incoming perceptual information; face identification in monkeys might involve interactions between the two areas.

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