Effects of Gain and Index of Difficulty on Mouse Movement Time and Fitts’ Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 684-691
Author(s):  
Yik Hang Pang ◽  
Errol R. Hoffmann ◽  
Ravindra S. Goonetilleke
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Mouse Movement ◽  
Index Of Difficulty

Effects of Smoking Abstinence on Movement Regulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Marzilli ◽  
John B. Shea
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Smoking Abstinence ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Single Plate ◽  
Index Of Difficulty ◽  
Psychomotor Tasks ◽  
Nicotine Deprivation ◽  
Minimal Information

The effect of smoking abstinence on performance of a reciprocal tapping task was investigated. 6 habitual smokers performed a single-plate and two versions of a two-plate tapping task. Fitts' Law was used to compute an index of difficulty (ID) in bits for the tasks which was 0 bits for the single-plate and 3.32 and 4.17 bits for the two-plate versions of the task. While smoking abstinence had no effect on performance of the single-plate tapping task, it increased movement time on performance of both two-plate task versions. These findings may provide a coherent explanation for the prior findings of nicotine deprivation on psychomotor performance in the literature. This explanation suggests that the effects of nicotine deprivation as incurred through smoking abstinence may be on the central mechanisms regulating information-processing rate for successful movement regulation. Thus nicotine deprivation may not affect performance of simple psychomotor tasks which require minimal information processing but will affect the performance of more complex tasks requiring significantly more information processing for successful movement regulation.

Visual Control of Discrete Aiming Movements

1983 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Wallace ◽  
Karl M. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Visual Control ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Movement Distance ◽  
Rapid Arm Movements ◽  
Index Of Difficulty ◽  
Highly Correlated

An experiment is reported which investigated the visual control of discrete rapid arm movements. Subjects were required to move as rapidly as possible to several target width-movement distance combinations under both visual and non-visual conditions. The movement time (MT) data were supportive of Fitts' Law in that MT was linearly related and highly correlated to the Index of Difficulty (ID). MT was also similar for different target width-distance combinations sharing the same ID value. The error rate analysis, which compared visual to non-visual Performance, indicated that vision was only used, and to varying degrees, when MT exceeded 200 ms (3.58 ID level). There was some evidence that vision was differentially used within target width-distance combinations sharing the same ID. Estimates of endpoint variability generally reflected the results of the error rate analysis. These results do not support the discrete correction model of Fitts' Law proposed by Keele (1968).

scholarly journals A New Approach to Modeling the Prediction of Movement Time

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 1585
Author(s):  
Chiuhsiang Joe Lin ◽  
Chih-Feng Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Average Amount Of Information ◽  
Movement Response ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Index Of Difficulty ◽  
Human Movement Response ◽  
Better Than

Fitts’ law predicts the human movement response time for a specific task through a simple linear formulation, in which the intercept and the slope are estimated from the task’s empirical data. This research was motivated by our pilot study, which found that the linear regression’s essential assumptions are not satisfied in the literature. Furthermore, the keystone hypothesis in Fitts’ law, namely that the movement time per response will be directly proportional to the minimum average amount of information per response demanded by the particular amplitude and target width, has never been formally tested. Therefore, in this study we developed an optional formulation by combining the findings from the fields of psychology, physics, and physiology to fulfill the statistical assumptions. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis in Fitts’ law and to validate the proposed model. To conclude, our results indicated that movement time could be related to the index of difficulty at the same amplitude. The optional formulation accompanies the index of difficulty in Shannon form and performs the prediction better than the traditional model. Finally, a new approach to modeling movement time prediction was deduced from our research results.

Fitting Motivation to Fitts’ Law : Effect of a Penalty Contingency on Controlled Movement

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan ◽  
Randolph G. Bias
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Movement Distance ◽  
Index Of Difficulty

An experiment examined the effect of a penalty on performance of target acquisition movements, focusing on overall movement time, the fit of the data to Fitts’ Law, and ballistic and homing submovements. Fitts’ Law, MT = a + b[Index of Difficulty], where Index of Difficulty (ID) = log2[Movement distance/target size], focuses on the control of the movement by external stimuli, rather than the consequences of a movement. In this study, participants moved a cursor on a computer screen from a starting point to a target with movement distance and target size varying systematically. In the Penalty condition, when the movement missed the target, the computer screen went blank and the next trial was delayed for 30 seconds. In the Nonpenalty condition, participants did not receive a penalty for missing the target. The results showed that receiving a penalty led to higher movement times, a higher Fitts’ Law slope parameter, fewer errors, and fewer nonerror overshoots of the target. Also, receiving penalties resulted in target acquisition movements with less time spent in the ballistic submovement. The results show that consequences of a movement control movement behavior.

Performance on a Reciprocal Tapping Task with Variations in Intertapping Interval

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-261
Author(s):  
Shelton MacLeod ◽  
Wayne L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Established Relationship ◽  
Index Of Difficulty

Fitts' law was investigated in a study of the effect of the index of difficulty (ID) and intertapping interval upon reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) for a reciprocal tapping task. ID showed its well-established relationship with MT as described by Fitts' law: MT = aID + b. Improvement in the linearity of this relationship was, however, demonstrated by expressing MT in logarithmic units. While ID had an unsubstantial (though significant) effect on RT, increases in intertapping interval from zero to any level of discrete tapping led to significant increases in RT of about 135 msec. The results are interpreted as lending support to Fitts' thesis that RT and MT reflect independent phases of information processing.

scholarly journals A New Approach to Modeling the Prediction of Movement Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiuhsiang Joe Lin ◽  
Chih-Feng Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Average Amount Of Information ◽  
Movement Response ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Index Of Difficulty ◽  
Human Movement Response ◽  
Better Than

Fitts' law predicts the human movement response time for a specific task by a simple linear formulation, in which the intercept and the slope are estimated from the task's empirical data. This research was motivated by our pilot study, which found that the linear regression's essential assumptions are not satisfied in the literature. Furthermore, the keystone hypothesis in Fitts' law, that the movement time per response will be directly proportional to the minimum average amount of information per response demanded by the particular amplitude and target width, has never been formally tested. Therefore, this study developed an optional formulation derived from fusing the findings in psychology, physics, and physiology for fulfilling the statistical assumptions. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis in Fitts' law and validate the proposed model. To conclude, our results indicated that movement time could be related to the index of difficulty underlying the same constant amplitude. The optional formulation accompanies the index of difficulty in Shannon form robustly performs the prediction better than the traditional model across studies. Finally, a new approach to modeling movement time prediction is deduced from our research results

A Study of the Application of Fitts' Law to Selected Cerebral Palsied Adults

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1107-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro E. Bravo ◽  
Miriam LeGare ◽  
Albert M. Cook ◽  
Susan Hussey
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Index Of Difficulty ◽  
The Individual

Fitts' Law was applied to the evaluation of discrete aimed arm movements in one dimension performed by 6 adults with cerebral palsy and 6 adults with normal movement. Targets (1.27, 3.81, 6.35, 8.89 cm in width) placed at distances of 20.32, 30.48, 40.64, and 50.80 cm provided Indices of Difficulty of 2.19 to 6.32 bits. A video game was used for the signal to move. The t tests for corrected means showed that the cerebral palsied group had greater reaction and movement times than the normal group. Linear regression analyses for pooled data and for the individual cerebral palsied subjects showed (a) no relationship between reaction time and Index of Difficulty for either group and (b) a negative, linear relationship between reaction time and Index of Difficulty for 1 cerebral palsied subject. Movement time was linearly and positively related to the Index of Difficulty for the normal group but not for the cerebral palsied group. Two cerebral palsied subjects had movement times which conformed to Fitts' Law. While the exceptions to Fitts' Law may be due to the limited range of movement and spasticity caused by severe cerebral palsy, there are indications that two of the cerebral palsied subjects were performing ballistic rather than visually guided aimed movements. Fitts' Law may still apply when the distances and target positions are individualized to conform to subjects' specific limitations and when the signal to move is auditory rather than visual.

scholarly journals Both Sides Now: Both Height and Width of the Target Matter for Applying Fitts’ Law to Pointing Using a Mouse

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-385
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
User Interface Design ◽  
Task Environment ◽  
Target Height ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Index Of Difficulty

Research on target acquisition has focused on two features of the task environment – the distance moved and the size of the target in the direction of movement. The present research examined the effect of the size of the target in the direction orthogonal to the direction of movement (typically called the target height) on the time to move to a target. The experiment varied the Index of Difficulty (ID) (by varying the distance moved and the target width) and the target height in a task in which participants moved a cursor from a starting point to the target. The results found that (1) movement time was linearly related to ID at each of three levels of target height, (2) movement time increased as target height decreased, and (3) the slope of the function relating movement time to ID decreased as target height decreased. The discussion addresses two possible explanations for the results, how Fitts’ Law might be modified to take target height into account, and how the results could be applied to user interface design.

Quantitative Models of Motor Responses Subject to Longitudinal, Lateral, and Preview Constraints

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarald O. Kvålseth
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
First Order ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Index Of Difficulty

First- and second-order linear models of mean movement time for serial arm movements aimed at a target and subject to preview constraints and lateral constraints were formulated as extensions of the so-called Fitts's law of motor control. These models were validated on the basis of experimental data from five subjects and found to explain from 80% to 85% of the variation in movement time in the case of the first-order models and from 93% to 95% of such variation for the second-order models. Fitts's index of difficulty (ID) was generally found to contribute more to the movement time than did either the preview ID or the lateral ID defined. Of the different types of errors, target overshoots occurred far more frequently than undershoots.

Movement Time to an Array of Controls

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 625-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Errol R. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Theoretical Result ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Optimum Control ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Array Density

Two tasks in which subjects aim at an array of devices were considered: moving to one knob within an array and moving the finger on a numeric keypad. It was shown by a mathematical model based on Fitts' law, that when the array density is specified for the array of knobs or keys, there is an optimum control size for minimum movement time. The theoretical result was obtained by considering a two-element model of the movement, the first being a reach to the general location of the control and the second describing the insertion of the fingers into the space between adjacent controls. As the first element has a movement time that decreases with increase of control size and the second a time increasing with control size, there is an optimum control size where the movement time is a minimum.

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