Quantitative Models of Motor Responses Subject to Longitudinal, Lateral, and Preview Constraints

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarald O. Kvålseth
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
First Order ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Index Of Difficulty

First- and second-order linear models of mean movement time for serial arm movements aimed at a target and subject to preview constraints and lateral constraints were formulated as extensions of the so-called Fitts's law of motor control. These models were validated on the basis of experimental data from five subjects and found to explain from 80% to 85% of the variation in movement time in the case of the first-order models and from 93% to 95% of such variation for the second-order models. Fitts's index of difficulty (ID) was generally found to contribute more to the movement time than did either the preview ID or the lateral ID defined. Of the different types of errors, target overshoots occurred far more frequently than undershoots.

Distribution of Movement Time in a Target-Aiming Task

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarald O. Kvålseth
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Order Linear ◽  
First Order ◽  
Index Of Difficulty ◽  
The Mean

Various characteristics of the distribution of movement time were analyzed for a task involving serial and rotary arm movements aimed at a target. For experimental data generated from five Ss, (a) the distribution tended to be unimodal and more peaked than a normal distribution, (b) the skewness of the distribution was predominantly positive and (c) the standard deviation, in addition to the mean, of movement time was significantly affected by the complexity of the task as measured by Fitts' index of difficulty, while the skewness and the kurtosis were not. For the average results for the Ss, a first-order linear model with the standard deviation of movement time as the dependent variable and Fitts' index as the independent one explained 67% of the variation in standard deviation as compared to 98% of the variation in mean movement time accounted for by the Fitts' index.

A Percolation Equation for Modeling Experimental Results for Continuum Percolation Systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. McLachlan ◽  
C. Chiteme ◽  
W.D. Heiss ◽  
Junjie Wu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Ac Conductivity ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Analytical Equation ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
First Order ◽  
Dc And Ac Conductivity

AbstractThe standard percolation equations or power laws, for dc and ac conductivity (dielectric constant) are based on scaling ansatz, and predict the behaviour of the first and second order terms, above and below the percolation or critical volume fraction (øc), and in the crossoverregion. Recent experimental results on ac conductivity are presented, which show that these equations, with the exception of real σm above øc and the first order terms in the crossover region, are only valid in the limit σi/σc = 0, where for an ideal dielectric σi=ωε0εr.A single analytical equation, which has the same parameters as the standard percolation equations, and which, for ac conductivity, reduces to the standard percolation power laws in the limit σi(ωε0εr)/σc = 0 for all but one case, is presented. The exception is the expression for real σm below øc, where the standard power law is always incorrect. The equation is then shown to quantitatively fit both first and second order dc and ac experimental data over the entire frequency and composition range. This phenomenological equation is also continuous, has the scaling properties required at a second order metal-insulator and fits scaled first order dc and ac experimental data. Unfortunately, the s and t exponents that are necessary to fit the data to the above analytical equation are usually not the simple dimensionally determined universal ones and depend on a number of factors.

scholarly journals Harnessing of Newly Tailored Poly (Acrylonitrile)-Starch Nanoparticle Graft Copolymer for Copper Ion Removal via Oximation Reaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
khaled Mostafa ◽  
H. Ameen ◽  
A. Ebessy ◽  
A. El-Sanabary
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Graft Copolymer ◽  
Adsorption Kinetics ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Copper Ion ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Pseudo First Order

Abstract Our recently tailored and fully characterized poly (AN)-starch nanoparticle graft copolymer having 60.1 G.Y. % was used as a starting substrate for copper ions removal from waste water effluent after chemical modification with hydroxyl amine via oximation reaction. This was done to change the abundant nitrile groups in the above copolymer into amidoxime one and the resultant poly (amidoxime) resin was used as adsorbent for copper ions. The resin was characterized qualitatively via rapid vanadium ion test and instrumentally by FT-IR spectra and SEM morphological analysis to confirm the presence of amidoxime groups. The adsorption capacity of the resin was done using the batch technique, whereas the residual copper ions content in the filtrate before and after adsorption was measured using atomic adsorption spectrometry. It was found that the maximum adsorption capacity of poly (amidoxime) resin was 115.2 mg/g at pH 7, 400ppm copper ions concentration and 0.25 g adsorbent at room temperature. The adsorption, kinetics and isothermal study of the process is scrutinized using different variables, such as pH, contact time, copper ion concentration and adsorbent dosage. Different kinetics models comprising the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order have been applied to the experimental data to envisage the adsorption kinetics. It was found from kinetic study that pseudo-second-order rate equation was better than pseudo-first-order supporting the formation of chemisorption process. While, in case of isothermal study, the examination of calculated correlation coefficient (R2) values showed that the Langmuir model provide the best fit to experimental data than Freundlich one.

Second-Order Correlation of Klinkenberg-Corrected Permeability and its Experimental Verification on Heterogeneously-Stressed Gas Shale

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufei Chen ◽  
Changbao Jiang ◽  
Juliana Y. Leung ◽  
Andrew K. Wojtanowicz ◽  
Dongming Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Gas Shale ◽  
Order Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Gas Slippage ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
Slippage Effect ◽  
Stress Heterogeneity ◽  
Second Order Model

Abstract Shale is an extremely tight and fine-grained sedimentary rock with nanometer-scale pore sizes. The nanopore structure within a shale system contributes not only to the low to ultra-low permeability coefficients (10−18 to 10−22 m2), but also to the significant gas slippage effect. The Klinkenberg equation, a first-order correlation, offers a satisfying solution to describe this particular phenomenon for decades. However, in recent years, several scholars and engineers have found that the linear relation from the Klinkenberg equation is invalid for most gas shale reservoirs, and a need for a second-order model is, therefore, proceeding apace. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to develop a second-order approach with experimental verifications. The study involved a derivation of a second-order correlation of the Klinkenberg-corrected permeability, followed by experimental verifications on a cubic shale sample sourced from the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China. We utilized a newly developed multi-functional true triaxial geophysical (TTG) apparatus to carry out permeability measurements with the steady-state method in the presence of heterogeneous stresses. Also discussed were the effects of two gas slippage factors, Klinkenberg-corrected permeability, and heterogeneous stress. Finally, based on the second-order slip theory, we analyzed the deviation of permeability from Darcy flux. The results showed that the apparent permeability increased more rapidly as the pore pressure declined when the pore pressures are relatively low, which is a strong evidence of the gas slippage effect. The second-order model could reasonably match the experimental data, resulting in a lower Klinkenberg-corrected permeability compared with that from the linear Klinkenberg equation. That is, the second-order approach improves the intrinsic permeability estimation of gas shales with the result being closer to the liquid permeability compared with the Klinkenberg approach. Analysis of the experimental data reported that both the first-order slippage factor A and the second-order slippage factor B increased with increasing stress heterogeneity, and that A was likely to be more sensitive to stress heterogeneity compared with B. Interestingly, both A and B first slightly increased and then significantly as the permeability declined. It is recommended that when the shale permeability is below 10−18 m2, the second-order approach should be taken into account. Darcy’s law starts to deviate when Kn > 0.01 and is invalid at high Knudsen numbers. The second-order approach seems to alleviate the problem of overestimation compared with the Klinkenberg approach and is more accurate in permeability evolution.

Kinetics of Glyphosate Adsorption on Composite Resin from Aqueous Solution

2013 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhen Kong ◽  
Dong Mei Jia ◽  
Su Wen Cui
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Order Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Basic Resin ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Best Fit

The composite weakly basic resin (D301Fe) was prepared and examined using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption kinetics of glyphosate from aqueous solution onto composite weakly basic resin (D301Fe) were investigated under different conditions. The experimental data was analyzed using various adsorption kinetic models like pseudo-first order, the pseudo-second order, the Elovich and the parabolic diffusion models to determine the best-fit equation for the adsorption of glyphosate onto D301Fe. The results show that the pseudo-second order equation fitted the experimental data well and its adsorption was chemisorption-controlled.

Global energetics of fast magnetic reconnection

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jardine ◽  
E. R. Priest
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Weakly Nonlinear ◽  
First Order ◽  
Weakly Nonlinear Theory ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Pile Up ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Converging Flow

We examine the global energetics of a recent weakly nonlinear theory of fast steady-state reconnection in an incompressible plasma (Jardine & Priest 1988). This is itself an extension to second order of the Priest & Forbes (1986) family of models, of which Petschek-like and Sonnerup-like solutions are special cases. While to first order we find that the energy conversion is insensitive to the type of solution (such as slow compression or flux pile-up), to second order not only does the total energy converted vary but so also does the ratio of the thermal to kinetic energies produced. For a slow compression with a strongly converging flow, the amount of energy converted is greatest and is dominated by the thermal contribution, while for a flux pile-up with a strongly diverging flow, the amount of energy converted is smallest and is dominated by the kinetic contribution. We also find that the total energy flowing out of the downstream region can be increased either by increasing the external magnetic Mach number Me or the external plasma beta βe Increasing Me also enhances the variations between different types of solutions.

Calculation of inelastic electron–nucleus scattering form factors of 29Si

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 1450046 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Salman ◽  
N. Al-Dahan ◽  
F. I. Sharrad ◽  
I. Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Total Angular Momentum ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Inelastic Electron ◽  
First Order ◽  
Inelastic Electron Scattering ◽  
Nucleus Scattering ◽  
Energy Configurations

Inelastic electron scattering form factors for 29 Si nucleus with total angular momentum and positive parity (Jπ) and excited energy (3/2+, 1.273 MeV; 5/2+, 2.028 MeV; 3/2+, 2.425 MeV and 7/2+, 4.079 MeV) have been calculated using higher energy configurations outside the sd-shell. The calculations of inelastic form factors up to the first- and second-order with and without core-polarization (CP) effects were compared with the available experimental data. The calculations of inelastic electron scattering form factors up to the first-order with CP effects are in agreement with the experimental data, excepted for states 3/2+(1.273 MeV) and 5/2+(2.028 MeV) and without this effect are failed for all states. Furthermore, the calculations of inelastic electron scattering form factors up to the second-order with CP effects are in agreement with the experimental data for 3/2+(1.273 MeV) and 5/2+(2.028 MeV).

Fitts' Law for Manipulative Temporal Motor Responses with and without Path Constraints

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarald O. Kvålseth
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Movement Model ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Path Constraints ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Constraint Information

This study shows that a univariate linear model, analogous to Fitts' arm movement model, is appropriate for manipulative motor responses involving serial hand movements with a maximum information rate of 5.5 bits/sec. which is half that determined by Fitts. For such manipulative tasks with different types of movement path constraints imposed, it is shown that a second-order model with interaction is appropriate for relating movement time to movement information and constraint information, the latter independent variable providing the greatest contribution to movement time.

Effects of Differential Scheme and Viscosity Model on Rough-Surface Point-Contact Isothermal EHL

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuchuan Liu ◽  
Q. Jane Wang ◽  
Dong Zhu ◽  
Wenzhong Wang ◽  
Yuanzhong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Rough Surface ◽  
Point Contact ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Surface Point ◽  
Computational Accuracy ◽  
First Order ◽  
Volume Viscosity ◽  
Differential Scheme

This paper discussed the computational accuracy of rough-surface point-contact isothermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis by investigating the effects of differential scheme, viscosity-pressure, and shear-thinning models. An EHL experiment with multitransverse ridges was employed as simulated target. Four differential schemes, including the combined and the separate first-order and second-order backward schemes, were investigated. It is found that the separate second-order backward scheme offers the best results based on the comparison with the experimental data, with which two roughness derivatives may be fully or partially canceled each other; thus, the discretization error induced by roughness can be reduced. The consistency of differential schemes is an important issue for the separate schemes. The Yasutomi free-volume viscosity-pressure model and the Eyring rheological model are found to yield the numerical simulations the closest to experimental results.

Note on Fitts' Law for Manipulative Temporal Motor Responses with Path Constraints

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarald O. Kvålseth
Keyword(s):  
Hand Movements ◽  
Movement Path ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
First Order ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Motion Time ◽  
Path Constraints ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Systems

This paper presents a first-order version of an earlier model by Kvålseth (1973) of manipulative motor responses involving serial hand movements with different types of movement-path constraints. This model represents a generalization of Fitts' law. Comparisons are also made between experimental movement times obtained and predetermined motion-time systems predictions.

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