scholarly journals Benzodiazepines: the time for systematic change is now

Addiction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Robertson ◽  
Andrew McAuley ◽  
Catriona Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Change

Exploring the characteristics of the nickel oxide nanoparticles via Sol - gel method

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jothi M ◽  
Sowmiya K
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Average Crystalline Size ◽  
Nio Nanoparticles ◽  
Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

Nickel Oxide (NiO) is an important transition metal oxide with cubic lattice structure. NiO is thermally stable that is suitable for tremendous applications in the field of optic, ceramic,glass, electro-chromic coatings, plastics, textiles, nanowires, nanofibers, electronics,energy technology, bio-medicine, magnetism and so on. In this present study, NiO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol-gel technique. Nano-sols were prepared by dissolving Nickel-Chloride [NiCl2.6H2O] in NaOH solvent and were converted into nano structured gel on precipitation. A systematic change in preparation parameters like calcination temperature, time, pH value has been noticed in order to predict the influence on crystallite size. Then the prepared samples were characterized by the X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic (XRD), UV-VIS Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). From XRD, the average crystalline-size has been calculated by Debye-Scherrer Equation and it was found to be 12.17 nm and the band gap energy of Nickel oxide (NiO) from UV studies reveals around 3.85 eV. Further, EDX and FTIR studies, confirm the presences of NiO nanoparticles. The SEM study exhibits the spherical like morphology of Nickel oxide (NiO). Further from PSA, the mean value of NiO nanoparticles has been determined.

Anatomy of Motor Learning. II. Subcortical Structures and Learning by Trial and Error

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1325-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jueptner ◽  
C. D. Frith ◽  
D. J. Brooks ◽  
R.S.J. Frackowiak ◽  
R. E. Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Learning Condition ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
New Learning

Jueptner, M., C. D. Frith, D. J. Brooks, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and R. E. Passingham. Anatomy of motor learning. II. Subcortical structures and learning by trial and error. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1325–1337, 1997. We used positron emission tomography to study motor learning by trial and error. Subjects learned sequences of eight finger movements. Tones generated by a computer told the subjects whether any particular move was correct or incorrect. A control condition was used in which the subjects generated moves, but there was no feeback to indicate success or failure, and so no learning occured. In this condition (free selection) the subjects were required to make a finger movement on each trial and to vary the movements randomly over trials. The subjects had a free choice of which finger to move on any one trial. On this task there was no systematic change in responses over trials and no change in the response times. Two other conditions were included. In one the subjects repetitively moved the same finger on all trials and in a baseline condition the subjects heard the pacing tones and auditory feedback but made no movements. Comparing new learning with the free selection task, there was a small activation in the right prefrontal cortex. This may reflect the fact that in new learning, but not free selection, the subjects rehearse past moves and adapt their responses accordingly. The caudate nucleus was strongly activated during new learning. It is suggested that this activity may be related either to mental rehearsal or to reinforcement of the movements as a consequence of the outcomes. The putamen was activated anteriorly on the free selection task and more posteriorly when the subjects repetitively made the same movement. It is suggested that the differences in the location of the peak activation in the striatum may represent the operation of different corticostriatal loops. The cerebellar nuclei (bilaterally) and vermis were more active in the new learning condition than during the performance of the free selection task. There was no difference in the activation of the cerebellum when the free selection task was compared with repetitive performance of the same movement. We tentatively suggest that the basal ganglia may be involved in the specification of movement on the basis of memory of either the movements or the outcomes, but that the cerebellum may be more directly involved in changes in the parameters of movement execution.

scholarly journals Sensorimotor priors in nonstationary environments

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1259-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devika Narain ◽  
Robert J. van Beers ◽  
Jeroen B. J. Smeets ◽  
Eli Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Adaptive Models ◽  
Priori Information ◽  
Human Nervous System ◽  
Better Than

In the course of its interaction with the world, the human nervous system must constantly estimate various variables in the surrounding environment. Past research indicates that environmental variables may be represented as probabilistic distributions of a priori information (priors). Priors for environmental variables that do not change much over time have been widely studied. Little is known, however, about how priors develop in environments with nonstationary statistics. We examine whether humans change their reliance on the prior based on recent changes in environmental variance. Through experimentation, we obtain an online estimate of the human sensorimotor prior (prediction) and then compare it to similar online predictions made by various nonadaptive and adaptive models. Simulations show that models that rapidly adapt to nonstationary components in the environments predict the stimuli better than models that do not take the changing statistics of the environment into consideration. We found that adaptive models best predict participants' responses in most cases. However, we find no support for the idea that this is a consequence of increased reliance on recent experience just after the occurrence of a systematic change in the environment.

Physician moral injury in the context of moral, ethical and legal codes

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2021-107225
Author(s):  
Philip Day ◽  
Jennifer Lawson ◽  
Sneha Mantri ◽  
Abhi Jain ◽  
David Rabago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Moral Distress ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Moral Injury ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Ethical Codes ◽  
Validity Tests

After 40 years of attributing high rates of physician career dissatisfaction, attrition, alcoholism, divorce and suicide to ‘burnout’, there is growing recognition that these outcomes may instead be caused by moral injury. This has led to a debate about the relative diagnostic merits of these two terms, a recognition that interventions designed to treat burnout may be ineffective, and much perplexity about how—if at all—this changes anything.The current research seeks to develop the construct of moral injury outside military contexts, generate more robust validity tests and more fully describe and measure the experiences of persons exposed to moral harms. Absent from the literature is a mechanism through which to move from the collective moral injury experience of physicians to a systematic change in the structure of medical practice. To address this, after providing a brief history, definitions and contrasts between burnout, moral distress and moral injury, we review the interplay of moral and ethical codes in the context of moral injury. We conclude by suggesting that professional associations can potentially prevent moral injury by providing protections for physicians within their codes of ethics.

Improvement in Outcomes of Major Obstetric Hemorrhage Through Systematic Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Skupski ◽  
David Brady ◽  
Isaac P. Lowenwirt ◽  
Jason Sample ◽  
Stephanie N. Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Change ◽  
Obstetric Hemorrhage

scholarly journals Disease activity in acromegaly may be assessed 6 weeks after discontinuation of pegvisomant

2005 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
W M Drake ◽  
R A Loureiro ◽  
C Parkinson ◽  
J P Monson ◽  
G M Besser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Gh Receptor Antagonist ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
Serum Gh

Objective: Pegvisomant, a modified growth hormone (GH) molecule, is a novel medical therapy for acromegaly that functions as a GH receptor antagonist. Serum GH cannot be used as a marker of disease activity in patients taking this form of therapy, partly because GH levels rise on pegvisomant and partly because the drug cross-reacts with many routine GH assays. The purpose of this study was to assess the time for which it is necessary to discontinue pegvisomant prior to biochemical reassessment of acromegaly. Design and methods: This was a retrospective study of 13 patients (seven male, median age 61 years, range 43–77) enrolled in two separate, open-label studies of the efficacy and tolerability of pegvisomant in the treatment of acromegaly. All had been taking a stable dose of pegvisomant (median dose 15 mg daily, range 10–30) as monotherapy for at least 3 months before discontinuing the drug. After discontinuation of pegvisomant, serum IGF-I was measured at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks in all patients. Serum GH (single sample) was measured in nine patients at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, but not at baseline on account of the cross-reactivity of pegvisomant with the GH assay. Results: Mean serum IGF-I rose from 210±105 ng/ml (s.d.) at baseline to 392±175 ng/ml at 2 weeks after discontinuation of pegvisomant (P < 0.0001). Although there was no statistically significant change in mean serum IGF-I beyond 2 weeks (412±181, 392±152 and 399±150 ng/ml at 4, 6 and 8 weeks respectively; P = 0.13 (2 vs 4 weeks), 0.31 (4 vs 6 weeks) and 0.46 (6 vs 8 weeks), serum IGF-I rose by more than twice the interassay coefficient of variation (CV) in two of the 13 patients between weeks 2 and 4. The standard deviation of the difference in serum IGF-I between time points was calculated. The values declined from 118% (weeks 0–2) 17%, 19.7% and 10% (weeks 2–4, 4–6 and 6–8 respectively). The expected measure if there was no systematic change in base would be 15% (1.4 ×interassay CV). Mean serum GH was virtually unchanged at 2–8 weeks after cessation of pegvisomant therapy. Conclusions: These results suggest that the activity of acromegaly may be assessed by serum IGF-I levels 6 weeks after the discontinuation of pegvisomant.

scholarly journals Normal correspondence of tectal maps for saccadic eye movements in strabismus

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2541-2549 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Economides ◽  
Daniel L. Adams ◽  
Jonathan C. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
Pattern Deviation ◽  
Ocular Deviation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stem Structure

The superior colliculus is a major brain stem structure for the production of saccadic eye movements. Electrical stimulation at any given point in the motor map generates saccades of defined amplitude and direction. It is unknown how this saccade map is affected by strabismus. Three macaques were raised with exotropia, an outwards ocular deviation, by detaching the medial rectus tendon in each eye at age 1 mo. The animals were able to make saccades to targets with either eye and appeared to alternate fixation freely. To probe the organization of the superior colliculus, microstimulation was applied at multiple sites, with the animals either free-viewing or fixating a target. On average, microstimulation drove nearly conjugate saccades, similar in both amplitude and direction but separated by the ocular deviation. Two monkeys showed a pattern deviation, characterized by a systematic change in the relative position of the two eyes with certain changes in gaze angle. These animals' saccades were slightly different for the right eye and left eye in their amplitude or direction. The differences were consistent with the animals' underlying pattern deviation, measured during static fixation and smooth pursuit. The tectal map for saccade generation appears to be normal in strabismus, but saccades may be affected by changes in the strabismic deviation that occur with different gaze angles.

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