A Factorial Ecology of Avarua Cook Island

INTRODUCTION: Pacific New Zealanders have a high prevalence of smoking, with many first smoking in their pre-adolescent years. AIM: To identify risk factors for tobacco smoking among Pacific pre-adolescent intermediate school children. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 2208 Pacific students aged between 10 and 13 years from four South Auckland intermediate schools who were asked about their smoking behaviour between the years 2007 and 2009. RESULTS: The prevalence of Pacific ever-smokers (for 2007) in Year 7 was 15.0% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 12.0%18.3%) and Year 8, 23.0% (95% CI 19.5%26.7%). Multivariate modelling showed the risk factors for ever-smoking were Cook Island ethnic group (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.262.36, ref=Samoan), boys (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.141.89), age (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.362.00), exposure to smoking in a car within the previous seven days (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.673.01), anyone smoking at home within the previous seven days (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.122.04) and receiving more than $NZ20 per week as pocket money/allowance (OR=1.91, 95% CI 1.232.96). DISCUSSION: Parents control and therefore can modify identified risk factors for Pacific childrens smoking initiation: exposure to smoking at home or in the car and the amount of weekly pocket money the child receives. Primary health care professionals should advise Pacific parents to make their homes and cars smokefree and to monitor their childrens spending. This study also suggests a particular need for specific Cook Island smokefree promotion and cessation resources. KEYWORDS: Adolescent; child; ethnic group; New Zealand; Pacific; smoking

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Factorial Ecology: Helsinki, 1960

Demography ◽

10.2307/2060125 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 372 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Frank L. Sweetser

Keyword(s):

Factorial Ecology

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Long-range hydroacoustic observations of the Monowai Volcanic Centre as a proxy for seasonal variations in sound propagation

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-18440 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pieter Smets ◽

Kees Weemstra ◽

Läslo Evers

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Activity ◽

Seasonal Variations ◽

Cross Correlation ◽

Sound Propagation ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Seismic Station ◽

Volcanic Centre ◽

Processing Scheme ◽

Cook Island ◽

Cross Correlation Analysis

Hydroacoustic activity of the submarine Monowai Volcanic Centre (MVC) is repeatedly observed at two distant triplet hydrophone stations, south of Juan Fernandez Islands (H03S, 9,159km) and north of Ascension Island (H10N, 15,823km).&#160;T-phase converted energy recorded at the broadband seismic station Rarotonga on Cook Island (RAR, 1,845km) is used as a reference for the cross-correlation analysis. A detailed processing scheme for the calculation of the daily cross-correlation functions (CCF) of the hydroacoustic and seismic data is provided. Preprocessing is essential to account for the non-identical measurements and sensitivities as well as the different sample rates.&#160;Further postprocessing by systematic data selection has to be applied before stacking CCFs in order to account for the non-continuous activity of the MVC source.&#160;Daily volcanic activity is determined for the period from 2006 until 2018 using the signal-to-noise ratio of the CCFs assuming sound propagation in the SOFAR channel.&#160;Monthly stacked CCFs with clear volcanic activity are used to study seasonal variations in sound propagation between the MVC and the hydrophone stations.&#160;In winter, however, a faster than expected signal is observed at H10N which is hypothesized to (partial) propagation through the formed sea ice along the path near Antarctica.

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