Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of sodium hypochlorite againstStaphylococcus aureusisolates derived from patients with atopic dermatitis

Dilute sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths have been used in routine care for many dermatologic conditions, namely atopic dermatitis. The benefits of bleach baths in reducing bacterial carriage have been well documented; however, the instructions often require subjective interpretation of bathtub size and may result in varying concentrations of bleach. Herein, we review the evidence for use of bleach baths and provide a method for ensuring that proper bleach concentrations are achieved.

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A novel new sodium hypochlorite formulated wash as an adjunctive approach to the management of pediatric subjects with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis colonized with Staphylococcus aureus

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology ◽

10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.250 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. AB60

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Severe Atopic Dermatitis

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Comparison of Acrylamide and Agar Gels by Freeze-Etching

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100080456 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 606-607

Author(s):

Russell L. Steere ◽

Eric F. Erbe

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Chromic Acid ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Thin Sheets ◽

Acid Cleaning ◽

Agar Gels ◽

Freeze Etching ◽

Water Cut

Thin sheets of acrylamide and agar gels of different concentrations were prepared and washed in distilled water, cut into pieces of appropriate size to fit into complementary freeze-etch specimen holders (1) and rapidly frozen. Freeze-etching was accomplished in a modified Denton DFE-2 freeze-etch unit on a DV-503 vacuum evaporator.* All samples were etched for 10 min. at -98°C then re-cooled to -150°C for deposition of Pt-C shadow- and C replica-films. Acrylamide gels were dissolved in Chlorox (5.251 sodium hypochlorite) containing 101 sodium hydroxide, whereas agar gels dissolved rapidly in the commonly used chromic acid cleaning solutions. Replicas were picked up on grids with thin Foimvar support films and stereo electron micrographs were obtained with a JEM-100 B electron microscope equipped with a 60° goniometer stage.Characteristic differences between gels of different concentrations (Figs. 1 and 2) were sufficiently pronounced to convince us that the structures observed are real and not the result of freezing artifacts.

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Freeze-Etch Crystal-Like Structures in Membranous Glomerulosclerosis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100063883 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 394-395

Author(s):

Burton B. Silver

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Kidney Tissue ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Donor Kidney ◽

Unknown Substance ◽

Etched Surface ◽

Standard Fixation ◽

Diseased Kidney

Tissue from a non-functional kidney affected with chronic membranous glomerulosclerosis was removed at time of trnasplantation. Recipient kidney tissue and donor kidney tissue were simultaneously fixed for electron microscopy. Primary fixation was in phosphate buffered gluteraldehyde followed by infiltration in 20 and then 40% glycerol. The tissues were frozen in liquid Freon and finally in liquid nitrogen. Fracturing and replication of the etched surface was carried out in a Denton freeze-etch device. The etched surface was coated with platinum followed by carbon. These replicas were cleaned in a 50% solution of sodium hypochlorite and mounted on 400 mesh copper grids. They were examined in an Siemens Elmiskop IA. The pictures suggested that the diseased kidney had heavy deposits of an unknown substance which might account for its inoperative state at the time of surgery. Such deposits were not as apparent in light microscopy or in the standard fixation methods used for EM. This might have been due to some extraction process which removed such granular material in the dehydration steps.

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Isolation of Asbestos from Lung Tissue and Sputum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100054261 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 330-331

Author(s):

M. G. Williams ◽

C. Corn ◽

R. F. Dodson ◽

G. A. Hurst

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Body Fluids ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

The Past

During this century, interest in the particulate content of the organs and body fluids of those individuals affected by pneumoconiosis, cancer, or other diseases of unknown etiology developed and concern was further prompted with the increasing realization that various foreign particles were associated with or caused disease. Concurrently particularly in the past two decades, a number of methods were devised for isolating particulates from tissue. These methods were recently reviewed by Vallyathan et al. who concluded sodium hypochlorite digestion was both simple and superior to other digestion procedures.

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