A Cross-Country Comparison of Gender Differences in Job-Related Training: The Role of Working Hours and the Household Context

Bioenergy contributes significantly towards the share of renewable energies, in Europe and worldwide. Besides solid and liquid biofuels, gaseous biofuels, such as biogas or upgraded biogas (biomethane), are an established renewable fuel in Europe. Although many studies consider biomethane technologies, feedstock potentials, or sustainability issues, the literature on the required legislative framework for market introduction is limited. Therefore, this research aims at identifying the market and legislative framework conditions in the three leading biomethane markets in Europe and compare them to the framework conditions of the top six non-European biomethane markets. This study shows the global status and national differences in promoting this renewable energy carrier. For the cross-country comparison, a systematic and iterative literature review is conducted. The results show the top three European biomethane markets (Germany, United Kingdom, Sweden) and the six non-European biomethane markets (Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States of America), pursuing different promotion approaches and framework conditions. Noteworthy cross-national findings are the role of state-level incentives, the tendency to utilise biomethane as vehicular fuel and the focus on residues and waste as feedstock for biomethane production. Presenting a cross-country comparison, this study supports cross-country learning for the promotion of renewable energies like biomethane and gives a pertinent overview of the work.

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OP72 The role of socioeconomic disparities in cognitive ageing: a cross-country comparison between England and China

10.1136/jech-2021-ssmabstracts.72 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dorina Cadar ◽

Laura Brocklebank ◽

Li Yan ◽

Yaohui Zhao ◽

Andrew Steptoe

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Disparities ◽

Cognitive Ageing ◽

Country Comparison ◽

Cross Country

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The Differential Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on Small-Scale Development Initiatives, a Cross-Country Comparison

VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations ◽

10.1007/s11266-021-00385-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Kinsbergen ◽

Marieke Pijnenburg ◽

Tom Merlevede ◽

Luca Naus ◽

Dirk-Jan Koch

Keyword(s):

Mixed Method ◽

Small Scale ◽

Differential Impact ◽

Development Interventions ◽

Country Comparison ◽

Country Study ◽

Cross Country ◽

Development Initiatives ◽

Insight Into

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic presents Northern-based development organisations with unprecedented difficulties. They are challenged in fundraising opportunities in their home countries and in finding ways to continue their work in the Global South. As the first study to present a systematic mixed method, cross-country study of small-scale, voluntary development organisations in four different European countries, this study provides insight into the role of these private development initiatives (PDIs) in the COVID-19 crisis and sheds light on the differential impact of the crisis on these organisations. Whereas most PDIs are involved in long(er)-term development interventions, the COVID-19 crisis was for most organisations their first experience of emergency aid. Overall, we see strong resilience among PDIs and also find that the organisations which relied more exclusively on traditional methods of fundraising (offline) received a greater funding hit than organisations—often with more younger members—that had already moved to online fundraising.

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Performance and Participation in the ‘Vasaloppet’ Cross-Country Skiing Race during a Century

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7040086 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nastja Romancuk ◽

Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽

Elias Villiger ◽

Hamdi Chtourou ◽

Thomas Rosemann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Small Magnitude ◽

Public Health Policies ◽

Race Time ◽

Participation Of Women ◽

Cross Country Skiing ◽

The Mean ◽

Cross Country

This study investigated gender differences in performance and participation and the role of nationality during one century in one of the largest cross-country (XC) skiing events in the world, the ‘Vasaloppet‘ in Sweden. The total number of female and male athletes who finished (n = 562,413) this race between 1922 and 2017 was considered. Most of the finishers were Swedish (81.03% of women and 88.39% of men), followed by Norwegians and Finnish. The overall men-to-women ratio was 17.5. A gender × nationality association was observed for participation (χ2 = 1,823.44, p < 0.001, φ = 0.057), with the men-to-women ratio ranging from 6.7 (USA) to 19.1 (Sweden). For both genders, the participation (%) of Swedish decreased, and that of all other nationalities (except Swiss) increased across years. Regarding the mean race time, men were faster than women by 14.5% (7 h 52 min 17 s versus 9 h 00 min 55 s, respectively). A trivial gender×nationality interaction regarding the race time was observed (p < 0.001, η2 < 0.001), with gender differences ranging from 4.4% (USA) to 22.0% (Iceland). The race time increased across calendar years for both women (r = 0.45, p = 0.006, moderate magnitude) and men (r = 0.25, p = 0.015, small magnitude). On the basis of these findings, we concluded that a relatively small number of women pariticipates in XC skiing. Therefore, the development of public health policies targeting the participation of women in XC skiing should be a concern in the countries with a tradition of this sport.

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