The relationship between pancreas steatosis and the risk of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in Chinese adolescents with concurrent obesity and
            non‐alcoholic
            fatty liver disease

The most frequent liver disorder in metabolic syndrome is the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Its pathogenesis is a complex, multifactorial process, characterized by insulin resistance and involvement of the endocrine system. Hypothyroidism may lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via hyperlipidemia and obesity. Adult patients with growth hormone deficiency have a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype with obesity and many characteristic metabolic alterations. The chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis results in metabolic syndrome as well. Cushing’s syndrome has also features of metabolic syndrome. Mild elevation of transaminase activities is commonly seen in patients with adrenal failure. Non-alcoholic steatosis is twice as common in postmenopusal as in premenopausal women and hormonal replacement therapy decreases the risk of steatosis. Insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, sleeping apnoe syndrome, cardiovascular disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are more frequent in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hypoandrogenism in males and hyperandrogenism in females may lead to fatty liver via obesity and insulin resistance. Adipokines (leptin, acylation stimulating protein, adiponectin) have a potential role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver. The alterations of endocrine system must be considered in the background of cryptogenic liver diseases. The endocrine perspective may help the therapeutic approaches in the future.

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Homeostasis of Glucose and Lipid in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20020298 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 298 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Hsu-Wen Chao ◽

Shi-Wei Chao ◽

Heng Lin ◽

Hui-Chen Ku ◽

Ching-Feng Cheng

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Industrialized society-caused dysregular human behaviors and activities such as overworking, excessive dietary intake, and sleep deprivation lead to perturbations in the metabolism and the development of metabolic syndrome. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, affects around 30% and 25% of people in Western and Asian countries, respectively, which leads to numerous medical costs annually. Insulin resistance is the major hallmark of NAFLD and is crucial in the pathogenesis and for the progression from NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Excessive dietary intake of saturated fats and carbohydrate-enriched foods contributes to both insulin resistance and NAFLD. Once NAFLD is established, insulin resistance can promote the progression to the more severe state of liver endangerment like NASH. Here, we review current and potential studies for understanding the complexity between insulin-regulated glycolytic and lipogenic homeostasis and the underlying causes of NAFLD. We discuss how disruption of the insulin signal is associated with various metabolic disorders of glucoses and lipids that constitute both the metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.

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Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

10.1016/s0939-4753(03)80111-4 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 327

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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Insulin Resistance and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Premenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome

Hormone and Metabolic Research ◽

10.1055/a-1341-9710 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (02) ◽

pp. 100-104

Author(s):

Amr Ali El-Sehrawy ◽

Omnia State ◽

Rasha Rizk Elzehery ◽

Ahmed Salem Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

AbstractIt is suggested that estrogen protects premenopausal women against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. From another perspective, the relation between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is bidirectional. Role of insulin resistance (IR) in NAFLD continues to be a matter of debate. The present study aimed to assess the relation between IR and NAFLD in premenopausal women with MetS. The study included 51 premenopausal women with MetS. In addition, there were 40 age-matched healthy controls. All participants were subjected to careful history taking and thorough clinical examination. Performed laboratory investigations included fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, lipid profile, and liver functions. Calculation of IR was achieved by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR). NAFLD was graded into three grades according to findings of abdominal ultrasound. Patients had significantly higher BMI, SBP, DBP, FBG, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels when compared with controls. They also had significantly lower HDL levels in comparison to controls. Moreover, they have more advanced grades of NAFLD in contrast to controls. Comparison between patients with various grades of NAFLD regarding the clinical data revealed significant increase of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR levels with advancing NAFLD grade. Using multivariate regression analysis, HOMA-IR was an independent predictor of advanced NAFLD grade. In conclusion, the present study documented a combined inter-relation between MetS, IR, and NAFLD in premenopausal women with MetS. IR is correlated with NAFLD grade.

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Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Associated with Kidney Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10081717 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1717

Author(s):

Manuela Abbate ◽

Catalina M. Mascaró ◽

Sofía Montemayor ◽

Miguel Casares ◽

Cristina Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Glomerular Hyperfiltration ◽

Estimated Gfr ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is early marked by kidney glomerular hyperfiltration. However, the association of NAFLD with kidney glomerular hyperfiltration has not been tested so far in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Aims: To assess the relationship between NAFLD and kidney glomerular hyperfiltration in adults with MetS. Methods: The study included 154 participants aged 40–60 years with MetS and NAFLD diagnosed by ultrasound. NAFLD was confirmed by MRI in 109 subjects. Participants underwent anthropometric measurements, and biochemistry testing. Estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula; hyperfiltration was defined as eGFR ≥ 120 mL/min. Results: Participants with MRI-proven NAFLD showed a worse metabolic profile and higher levels of eGFR than those with no NAFLD. Presence of NAFLD and increased weight were independently associated with an increased probability of presenting hyperfiltration. Conclusions: The present study shows an association between kidney glomerular hyperfiltration and NAFLD in adults with MetS. Establishing an association between NAFLD and kidney glomerular hyperfiltration would help to earlier identify those patients at increased risk of CKD, who would benefit from an early intervention.

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