Crystalluria in Normal Subjects and in Stone Formers With and Without Thiazide and Cellulose Phosphate Treatment

Abstract An investigation of variables important to calcium stone formation in urine indicated significantly increased daily excretion of calcium and oxalate and decreased excretion of ascorbate and citrate by recurrent calcium stone formers. In addition, urine volume, sodium, mucopolysaccharide, and protein were also significantly increased. We compared the uptake of citrate and ascorbate from the gut into the blood in normal controls and stone formers. These studies indicated significantly depressed absorption of both these hydroxycarboxylic acids in recurrent calcium stone formers. We also found that concurrent administration of citrate inhibited ascorbate absorption and increased urinary oxalate excretion after an ascorbate load in normal subjects and stone formers. These findings suggest a mechanism that explains hyperoxaluria in stone patients on the basis of a malabsorption of citrate, ascorbate, and possibly other hydroxycarboxylic acids.

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Prednisolone and cellulose phosphate treatment in idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia with nephrocalcinosis

Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health ◽

10.1111/j.1440-1754.1996.tb02569.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 350-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Y. MIZUSAWA ◽

JR BURKE

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Phosphate ◽

Phosphate Treatment ◽

Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcaemia

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Two-carbon oxalogenesis compared in recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers and normal subjects.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/33.7.1118 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 1118-1120 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

B C McWhinney ◽

S L Nagel ◽

D M Cowley ◽

J M Brown ◽

A H Chalmers

Keyword(s):

Normal Subjects ◽

Calcium Oxalate Stone ◽

Fourfold Increase ◽

Oxalate Excretion ◽

Stone Formers ◽

Dynamic Function ◽

Function Test ◽

Pentose Sugar ◽

Recurrent Stone ◽

Recurrent Stone Formers

Abstract We used a xylitol load to test the two-carbon pathway to oxalate production in humans. Use of this pentose sugar caused a fourfold increase in glycolate excretion, indicating its suitability as a dynamic function test of two-carbon metabolism. However, despite this increase in glycolate excretion in 10 recurrent stone formers and six normal subjects, there was no concomitant increase in oxalate excretion in either group. By comparison, a sucrose load produced no increase in excretion of either glycolate or oxalate. In addition, when we studied four recurrent calcium stone formers on successive diets with various fat content, we found no correlation between high fat intake and increased glycolate or oxalate excretion. In summary, there was no evidence of abnormal fluxes through the two-carbon pathway to oxalate in recurrent stone formers, nor of hyperoxaluria as related to increased intake of sucrose or fat.

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Relations between Oxalic Acid, Calcium, Magnesium and Creatinine Excretion in Normal Men and Male Patients with Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0460357 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 357-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. Hodgkinson

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Calcium Excretion ◽

Oxalate Excretion ◽

Stone Formers ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Male Patients ◽

Calcium And Magnesium ◽

Magnesium Excretion ◽

Normal Men

1. The daily excretion of oxalate, calcium, magnesium and creatinine was determined in fifty-two normal men and sixty-five male patients with calcium oxalate-containing renal stones. 2. Direct relationships were found between calcium and oxalate excretion, magnesium and oxalate excretion and calcium and magnesium excretion in both normal subjects and stone-formers. The significance of these relationships is discussed. 3. The mean excretion of calcium and oxalate was significantly higher in the stone-formers, compared with the controls, both calcium and oxalate excretion being raised by about 20%. 4. The effect of oral ingestion of glucose and casein on the rate of excretion of calcium, magnesium, oxalate and phosphate was examined. Glucose increased the rate of calcium and magnesium excretion but had no effect on oxalate excretion and suppressed phosphate excretion. Casein also increased calcium excretion but had little or no effect on magnesium or oxalate excretion, and it increased phosphate excretion. 5. The association of high calcium excretion with high oxalate excretion, in both normal subjects and stone-formers, results in a high degree of supersaturation of the urine with respect to calcium oxalate. The implication of these findings with respect to the cause and treatment of calcium oxalate stones is discussed.

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Sex differences in proximal and distal nephron function contribute to the mechanism of idiopathic hypercalcuria in calcium stone formers

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00071.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 309 (1) ◽

pp. R85-R92 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Benjamin Ko ◽

Kristin Bergsland ◽

Daniel L. Gillen ◽

Andrew P. Evan ◽

Daniel L. Clark ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Proximal Tubule ◽

Distal Tubule ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Idiopathic Hypercalciuria ◽

Distal Nephron ◽

Stone Formers ◽

Calcium Reabsorption ◽

Normal Women ◽

Normal Males ◽

Normal Men

Idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) is a common familial trait among patients with calcium nephrolithiasis. Previously, we have demonstrated that hypercalciuria is primarily due to reduced renal proximal and distal tubule calcium reabsorption. Here, using measurements of the clearances of sodium, calcium, and endogenous lithium taken from the General Clinical Research Center, we test the hypothesis that patterns of segmental nephron tubule calcium reabsorption differ between the sexes in IH and normal subjects. When the sexes are compared, we reconfirm the reduced proximal and distal calcium reabsorption. In IH women, distal nephron calcium reabsorption is decreased compared to normal women. In IH men, proximal tubule calcium reabsorption falls significantly, with a more modest reduction in distal calcium reabsorption compared to normal men. Additionally, we demonstrate that male IH patients have lower systolic blood pressures than normal males. We conclude that women and men differ in the way they produce the hypercalciuria of IH, with females reducing distal reabsorption and males primarily reducing proximal tubule function.

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Urinary oxalate in summer and winter in normal subjects and in stone-forming patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, both untreated and treated with thiazide and/or cellulose phosphate

Urological Research ◽

10.1007/bf00262350 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 169-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P. C. Hallson ◽

G. P. Kasidas ◽

G. Alan Rose

Keyword(s):

Normal Subjects ◽

Idiopathic Hypercalciuria ◽

Urinary Oxalate ◽

Cellulose Phosphate

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Urinary Adenosine Cyclic 3′,5′-Monophosphate in Idiopathic Calcium Stone-Formers: Response to An Oral Calcium Load

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0660193 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 193-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

V. R. Walker ◽

R. A. L. Sutton

Keyword(s):

Cyclic Amp ◽

Excretion Rate ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Oral Calcium ◽

Calcium Stone ◽

Stone Formers ◽

Glomerular Filtrate ◽

Calcium Load ◽

Urinary Cyclic Amp ◽

Lower Urinary

1. Idiopathic calcium stone-formers with hypercalciuria during fasting have significantly lower urinary cyclic AMP levels (nmol/dl of glomerular filtrate) than fasting normocalciuric stone-formers. 2. Female subjects, including both normal subjects and idiopathic calcium stone-formers, have higher urinary cyclic AMP levels than their male counterparts, and this difference is significant when urinary cyclic AMP is expressed in the units μmol/g of creatinine. Expressing urinary cyclic AMP in nmol/dl of glomerular filtrate reduces this difference but does not abolish it. Thus, in comparing urinary cyclic AMP levels in various subgroups of the calcium stone-formers and in normal subjects, both sex differences and the units of urinary cyclic AMP expression must be taken into consideration. 3. The magnitude of the change in urinary cyclic AMP in response to an oral calcium load appears to depend on the antecedent urinary cyclic AMP excretion rate, whereby those individuals (either normal subjects or calcium stone-formers) having the highest urinary cyclic AMP levels demonstrate the greatest fall in urinary cyclic AMP after a calcium load.

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