scholarly journals Adolescent Leadership and Adulthood Fertility: Revisiting the “Central Theoretical Problem of Human Sociobiology”

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Adolescent Leadership ◽  
Human Sociobiology

Social versus reproductive success: The central theoretical problem of human sociobiology

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Vining
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Genetic Change ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Human Sociobiology

AbstractThe fundamental postulate of sociobiology is that individuals exploit favorable environments to increase their genetic representation in the next generation. The data on fertility differentials among contemporary humans are not cotvietent with this postulate. Given the importance ofHomo sapiensas an animal species in the natural world today, these data constitute particularly challenging and interesting problem for both human sociobiology and sociobiology as a whole.The first part of this paper reviews the evidence showing an inverse relationship between reproductive fitness and “endowment” (i.e. wealth, success, and measured aptitudes) in contemporary, urbanized societies. It is shown that a positive relationship is observed only for those cohorts who bore their children during a unique period of rising fertility, 1935–1960, and that these cohorts are most often cited by sociobiologists as supporting the central postulate of sociobiology. Cohorts preceding and following these show the characteristic inverse relationship between endowment and fertility. The second section reviews the existing so-ciobiological models of this inverse relationship, namely, those of Barkow, Burley, and Irons, as well as more informal responses among sociobiologists to the persistent violation of sociobiology's central postulate, such as those of Alexander and Dawkins. The third section asks whether the goals of sociobiology, given the violation of its fundamental postulate by contemporary human societies, might not be better thought of as applied rather than descriptive, with respect to these societies. A proper answer to this question begins with the measurement of the pace and direction of natural selection within modern human populations, as compared to other sources of change. The vast preponderance of the shifts in human trait distributions, including the IQ distribution, appears to be due to environmental rather than genetic change. However, there remains the question of just how elastic these distributions are in the absence of reinforcing genetic change.

CREATIVE THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE: CATEGORIES' REFERENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATIVE CREATIVE THINKING CONCEPTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Chernetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Theoretical Problem

The paper refers to the terminological and theoretical problem of reference of creative thinking' and intelligence' categories, which is significant in the integrative creative thinking conception context. Minding the obvious variety of approaches towards creative thinking and intelligence, one must mention their inconsistency evoking difficulties in defining mentioned terms and their reference. In the paper theoretical and methodological methods of conflict resolution of some of those inconsistencies are proposed. Some contemporary approaches towards creative thinking and intelligence are taken into consideration.

РОЛЬ ГОСУДАРСТВА В ПРЕОДОЛЕНИИ КРИЗИСА ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ: НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
O. D. Safonova
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Expert Community

Recognizing the existence of a crisis of civil identity, Russian state proclaims patriotic values an integral part of Russian state policy in documents of strategic importance. The need to educate citizenship and patriotism has ceased to be only a theoretical problem, and has found its embodiment in a large number of federal and regional programs. In comparison with the previous decades, the role and importance of civic identity and civic competence in modern Russia are becoming much more important. The civil competence of the student is formed by education-pedagogically organized purposeful process of development of the student as a person, a citizen, the development and adoption of values, moral attitudes and moral norms of societies. National security strategy of the Russian Federation (2015) relates to Russia's traditional spiritual and moral values: the priority of the spiritual over the material, protecting human life, rights and freedoms of the individual, family, creative work, service to the Fatherland, the norms of morality, humanity, mercy, justice, mutual aid, collectivism, historical unity of the peoples of Russia, the continuity of the history of our country. The formation of the civil identity of the young Russian personality forms with the help of Federal state educational standards of primary General, basic General and secondary General education, so the state policy in overcoming the crisis of civil identity devotes a large number of documents and programs to the field of education. The article attempts to trace how through normative and legal acts the state consistently tries to overcome the crisis of civil identity, identified by the scientific and expert community. Following the authors of state programs and the expert community studying the problems of identity crisis, it is noted in the article that the formation of civil identity is one of the most important conditions for the successful development of the country.

scholarly journals A Study of Analogical Density in Various Corpora at Various Granularity

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Rashel Fam ◽  
Yves Lepage
Keyword(s):  
Language Model ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Sentence Level

In this paper, we inspect the theoretical problem of counting the number of analogies between sentences contained in a text. Based on this, we measure the analogical density of the text. We focus on analogy at the sentence level, based on the level of form rather than on the level of semantics. Experiments are carried on two different corpora in six European languages known to have various levels of morphological richness. Corpora are tokenised using several tokenisation schemes: character, sub-word and word. For the sub-word tokenisation scheme, we employ two popular sub-word models: unigram language model and byte-pair-encoding. The results show that the corpus with a higher Type-Token Ratio tends to have higher analogical density. We also observe that masking the tokens based on their frequency helps to increase the analogical density. As for the tokenisation scheme, the results show that analogical density decreases from the character to word. However, this is not true when tokens are masked based on their frequencies. We find that tokenising the sentences using sub-word models and masking the least frequent tokens increase analogical density.

Vertex Subgroups of Irreducible Representations of Solvable Groups

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
J. Malzan
Keyword(s):  
Vector Space ◽  
Unit Sphere ◽  
Convex Subset ◽  
Orthogonal Group ◽  
Solvable Groups ◽  
Fundamental Region ◽  
Irreducible Representations ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Real Vector ◽  
The Real

If ρ(G) is a finite, real, orthogonal group of matrices acting on the real vector space V, then there is defined [5], by the action of ρ(G), a convex subset of the unit sphere in V called a fundamental region. When the unit sphere is covered by the images under ρ(G) of a fundamental region, we obtain a semi-regular figure.The group-theoretical problem in this kind of geometry is to find when the fundamental region is unique. In this paper we examine the subgroups, ρ(H), of ρ(G) with a view of finding what subspace, W of V consists of vectors held fixed by all the matrices of ρ(H). Any such subspace lies between two copies of a fundamental region and so contributes to a boundary of both. If enough of these boundaries might be found, the fundamental region would be completely described.

THREE‐DIMENSIONAL FILTERING WITH AN ARRAY OF SEISMOMETERS

Geophysics ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Burg
Keyword(s):  
Array Processing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Seismic Signal ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Least Mean Square ◽  
Optimum Frequency ◽  
Filtering Theory

The development of the Wiener linear least‐mean‐square‐error processing theory for seismic signal enhancement through use of a two‐dimensional array of seismometers leads to the theory of three‐dimensional filtering. The array processing system for this theory consists of applying individual frequency filters to the outputs of the seismometers in the array before summation. The basic design equations for the optimum frequency filters are derived from the Wiener multichannel theory. However, the development of the three‐dimensional frequency and vector‐wave‐number‐filtering theory results in a physical understanding of generalized linear array processing. The three‐dimensional filtering theory is illuminated by a theoretical problem of P‐wave enhancement in the presence of ambient seismic noise. An analysis of the results shows why optimum three‐dimensional filtering gives greater signal‐to‐noise ratio improvements than achieved by conventional array processing techniques.

scholarly journals Ecological variation in wealth–fertility relationships in Mongolia: the ‘central theoretical problem of sociobiology’ not a problem after all?

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1796) ◽  
pp. 20141733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Alvergne ◽  
Virpi Lummaa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mass Privatization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Success ◽  
Status Enhancement

The negative wealth–fertility relationship brought about by market integration remains a puzzle to classic evolutionary models. Evolutionary ecologists have argued that this phenomenon results from both stronger trade-offs between reproductive and socioeconomic success in the highest social classes and the comparison of groups rather than individuals. Indeed, studies in contemporary low fertility settings have typically used aggregated samples that may mask positive wealth–fertility relationships. Furthermore, while much evidence attests to trade-offs between reproductive and socioeconomic success, few studies have explicitly tested the idea that such constraints are intensified by market integration. Using data from Mongolia, a post-socialist nation that underwent mass privatization, we examine wealth–fertility relationships over time and across a rural–urban gradient. Among post-reproductive women, reproductive fitness is the lowest in urban areas, but increases with wealth in all regions. After liberalization, a demographic–economic paradox emerges in urban areas: while educational attainment negatively impacts female fertility in all regions, education uniquely provides socioeconomic benefits in urban contexts. As market integration progresses, socio-economic returns to education increase and women who limit their reproduction to pursue education get wealthier. The results support the view that selection favoured mechanisms that respond to opportunities for status enhancement rather than fertility maximization.

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