Building Assets, Building Credit: Creating Wealth in Low-Income Communities ? By Nicholas P. Retsinas and Eric Belsky Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Comparative Perspective ? By Karin Kurz and Hans-Peter Blossfeld

Abstract Objective: To analyse trends of social inequality in breastfeeding and infant formula (IF) use in Latin America between 1990 and 2010 decades. Design: Time-series cross-sectional study with data from Demographic and Health Surveys. We described the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding between 6 and 12 months (BF6-12) and IF for infants under 6 months (IF < 6) and between 6 and 12 months (IF6-12). Social inequalities were assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX). Trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding, IF and index of social inequality were analysed by a linear regression model with weighted least squares variance. Setting: Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti and Peru. Participants: 51·358 alive infants younger than 12 months. Results: Five countries showed an increasing trend for EBF and BF6-12, four increased for IF < 6 and six for IF6-12. Simultaneous decrease in IF < 6 (Colombia: −0·3/year; Haiti: −0·02/year) and increase in EBF (Colombia: +2·0/year; Haiti: +1·9/year) were observed only in two countries. EBF prevalence was high in the lowest income quintiles in five countries, and IF prevalence was high in the highest income quintiles in all countries and over the decades. For BF6-12, a decrease in inequality (prevalence increased in the highest quintile) was observed in Guatemala (SII1995 = −0·42; SII2015 = −0·28) and the Dominican Republic (SII1996 = −0·54; SII2013 = −0·26). Guatemala was the only country showing a decrease in inequality for BF (SII = −0·005; CIX = −0·0035) and an increase for IF (SII = 0·022; CIX = 0·01). Conclusions: The inequality in BF and IF remained over time. However, inequality in IF < 6 has decreased because low-income infants have increased use and high-income infants have decreased.

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Understanding Affordability

10.1332/policypress/9781529211863.001.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Geoffrey Meen ◽

Christine Whitehead

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Home Ownership ◽

House Prices ◽

Household Formation ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Political Forces ◽

The Uk ◽

Developed World ◽

The Impact

Affordability is, perhaps, the greatest housing problem facing households today, both in the UK and internationally. Even though most households are now well housed, hardship is disproportionately concentrated among low-income and younger households. Our failure to deal with their problems is what makes housing so frustrating. But, to improve outcomes, we have to understand the complex economic and political forces which underlie their continued prevalence. There are no costless solutions, but there are new policy directions that can be explored in addition to those that have dominated in recent years. The first, analytic, part of the book considers the factors that determine house prices and rents, household formation and tenure, housing construction and the roles played by housing finance and taxation. The second part turns to examine the impact of past policy and the possibilities for improvement - discussing supply and the impact of planning regulation, supply subsidies, subsidies to low-income tenants and attempts to increase home ownership. Rather than advocating a particular set of policies, the aim is to consider the balance of policies; the constraints under which housing policy operates; what can realistically be achieved; the structural changes that would need to occur; and the significant sacrifices that would have to be made by some groups if there are to be improvements for others. Our emphasis is on the UK but throughout the book we also draw on international experience and our conclusions have relevance to analysts and policy makers across the developed world.

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Booming Then, Sputtering Now

Southern California Quarterly ◽

10.1525/scq.2021.103.3.281 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 281-308

Author(s):

Michael Woo

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Low Income ◽

Home Ownership ◽

Homeless Population ◽

World War ◽

Housing Shortage ◽

High Production Rate ◽

Racial Barriers ◽

High Production

This article reviews the post-World War II mass production of houses in Los Angeles and the roots of today’s housing shortage. Even with a high production rate, minorities and low-income Angelenos have experienced racial barriers and displacement. Today, L.A.’s homeless population is disproportionally Black, while home ownership is disproportionally white. The article concludes with four proposals for responding to today’s shortage of affordable and racially equitable housing.

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Home Ownership for Low Income Families: Key Findings from the Five Year Victorian Capital Indexed Loan Evaluation Study

Urban Policy and Research ◽

10.1080/08111149208551487 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 6-16

Author(s):

Maryann Wulff

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Home Ownership ◽

Evaluation Study ◽

Low Income Families

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Are low-to-middle-income households experiencing food insecurity in Victoria, Australia? An examination of the Victorian Population Health Survey, 2006–2009

Australian Journal of Primary Health ◽

10.1071/py16082 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 249 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Sue Kleve ◽

Zoe E. Davidson ◽

Emma Gearon ◽

Sue Booth ◽

Claire Palermo

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Population Health ◽

Low Income ◽

Home Ownership ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Income Levels ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Using Data

Food insecurity affects health and wellbeing. Little is known about the relationship between food insecurity across income levels. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and frequency of food insecurity in low-to-middle-income Victorian households over time and identify factors associated with food insecurity in these households. Prevalence and frequency of food insecurity was analysed across household income levels using data from the cross-sectional 2006–09 Victorian Population Health Surveys (VPHS). Respondents were categorised as food insecure, if in the last 12 months they had run out of food and were unable to afford to buy more. Multivariable logistic regression was used to describe factors associated with food insecurity in low-to-middle-income households (A$40000–$80000 in 2008). Between 4.9 and 5.5% for total survey populations and 3.9–4.8% in low-to-middle-income respondents were food insecure. Food insecurity was associated with limited help from friends, home ownership status, inability to raise money in an emergency and cost of some foods. Food insecurity exists in households beyond those on a very low income. Understanding the extent and implications of household food insecurity across all income groups in Australia will inform effective and appropriate public health responses.

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Private Home-ownership Finance for Low-income Households

Urban Studies ◽

10.1080/0042098966439 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

pp. 1879-1889 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Horst Tomann

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Home Ownership ◽

Low Income Households

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Housing Inheritance and Inequality: A Response to Watt

Journal of Social Policy ◽

10.1017/s0047279400025186 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 413-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chris Hamnett

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Low Income ◽

Home Ownership ◽

Housing Tenure ◽

Social Classes ◽

Social Characteristics ◽

The North ◽

Empirically Supported ◽

Using Data ◽

The Unemployed

Paul Watt's (1993) response to my article ‘A nation of inheritors?’ (Hamnett, 1991) raises some interesting and worthwhile questions about the class basis of housing inheritance which I would like to address and clarify. To recapitulate briefly, my article attempted to assess the validity of Saunders's (1986, 1990) arguments regarding the importance of home ownership and housing inheritance in the creation of a new consumption cleavage independent of social class. Using data from a survey of beneficiaries I argued that although housing inheritance is distributed across the class spectrum, the incidence of inheritance is far greater amongst home owners, higher social classes and those living in southern Britain (where home ownership is longer established) than it is among council tenants, the lower social classes and those living in the north. I argued that there is nothing inherent in a person's social class, housing tenure or location which makes inheritance more likely. On the contrary, the determinants of housing inheritance are influenced by the social characteristics of dying home owners. Because the structure of inheritance reflects the structure of property ownership a generation ago, current differences in the incidence of inheritance will reflect the class and tenure characteristics of the dying population and their relationship to the class and tenure characteristics of beneficiaries. The incidence of housing inheritance is higher among home owners and those in higher social classes because their parents are more likely to have been home owners. I went on to argue that because home ownership has become much more widely spread across the class spectrum over the last 40 years (Hamnett, 1984), the incidence of housing inheritance in 30–40 years' time is likely to be more widely spread than it is today. Thus, I concluded that whilst Saunders' arguments regarding the distribution of house inheritance are not empirically supported today, they may be more so in 30–40 years' time. I argued, however, that although housing inheritance was likely to be more widespread in future than it is today, the children of tenants were unlikely to inherit. Given the growing social residualisation of the council sector I argued that ‘the less skilled, the low income and the unemployed’ were likely to be excluded from inheritance.

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