Monodispersed Sc2O3 precursor particles were synthesized by the urea-based homogeneous precipitation method, with an investigation into the effects of supporting anions (NO3−, Cl−, and SO4 2−) on powder properties. Characterizations of the powders were achieved by elemental analysis, x-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared, differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. Unlike other rare earths, Sc3+ does not precipitate as basic carbonate but instead forms hydrated γ-ScOOH from either nitrate or chloride solution. Particles of the hydrated γ-ScOOH are pumpkin-shaped (approximately 1.0 μm) and are made up of thin-platelike crystallites emanating from a common axis. The presence of complexing SO42− changes the reaction chemistry toward Sc2O3 powders, leading to basic sulfate [Sc(OH)1.6(SO4)0.7 η H2O] precursor particles having hexagonal morphology (approximately 10 μm in diameter and 0.5 μm in thickness). The hydrated γ-ScOOH directly converts to Sc2O3 by calcination at 400 °C or above, while the basic sulfate transforms to oxide at temperatures ≥ 900 °C via an amorphous state and a Sc2(SO4)3 intermediate. The effect of SO42− on powder morphologies and reaction chemistry is discussed. Nanocrystalline Sc2O3 powders comprising monodispersed particles were obtained via thermal decomposition of the precursors.
Synthesis and characterization of Gd2Zr2O7 defect-fluorite oxide nanoparticles via a homogeneous precipitation-solvothermal method