Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Coix lacryma jobi Leaves Extract and Screening of its Potential Anticancer Activities

Background: Copper oxide nanoparticles(CuO NPs) have been powerful evidence in several in vitro studies such as cytotoxicity and antimicrobial compared with other metal oxide. Here, we have synthesized green CuO NPs using Coix lacryma jobi leaves extracts. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry Manipur University, Manipur, India and Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India between February 2019 to March 2021. Methodology: Green CuO NPs nanoparticles were synthesized from Copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2H2O) using Coix lacryma jobi leaves extract, and the synthesized green CuO NPs were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Powder X-Ray diffraction Spectroscopy and HR-TEM where FESEM-EDS determined the purity of CuO NPs. Results: No other impurities present were observed in EDS, and the PXRD spectra show the crystallite size of CuO NPs with respect to the (002) plane is found to be 25.2 nm, and the presence of CuO NPs at adsorption spectrum with a distinct peak at 282 nm was determined by UV-Visible spectroscopy and the homogenous morphology and crystalline nature of the CuO NPs were determined from TEM micrograph and SAED pattern. In applications, the substantial anticancer activity of green CuO NPs (synthesized using Coix lacryma jobi leaves extract) was proved on human cervical and lung cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 31.88 μg/ml and 15.61 μg/ml, respectively.

Potential Production of Theranostic Boron Nitride Nanotubes (64Cu-BNNTs) Radiolabeled by Neutron Capture

In this work, the radioisotope 64Cu was obtained from copper (II) chloride dihydrate in a nuclear research reactor by neutron capture, (63Cu(n,γ)64Cu), and incorporated into boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) using a solvothermal process. The produced 64Cu-BNNTs were analyzed by TEM, MEV, FTIR, XDR, XPS and gamma spectrometry, with which it was possible to observe the formation of64Cu nanoparticles, with sizes of up to 16 nm, distributed through nanotubes. The synthesized of 64Cu nanostructures showed a pure photoemission peak of 511 keV, which is characteristic of gamma radiation. This type of emission is desirable for Photon Emission Tomography (PET scan) image acquisition, as well as its use in several cancer treatments. Thus, 64Cu-BNNTs present an excellent alternative as theranostic nanomaterials that can be used in diagnosis and therapy by different techniques used in nuclear medicine.

Visual Quality, Gas Exchange, and Yield of Anemone and Ranunculus Irrigated with Saline Water

In response to the growing demand for specialty cut flowers, floral crops are increasingly produced in semiarid areas where soil salinity can impact crop timing, reduce stem length, and decrease yield. The goal of this study was to investigate the salinity sensitivity of ‘Carmel’ and ‘Galilee’ anemone (Anemone coronaria), and ‘Amandine’ and ‘LaBelle’ ranunculus (Ranunculus asiaticus) with respect to physiological characteristics and marketable yield. Nine plants were irrigated weekly for 8 weeks with a nutrient (control) solution with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.5 dS⋅m–1 or saline solutions prepared by adding sodium chloride and calcium chloride dihydrate to a nutrient solution to obtain an EC of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5 dS⋅m–1. Yield was evaluated by dividing stems into marketable and cull grades based on length and bloom quality. At the end of the study, the visual quality of the plants was scored, and gas exchange data were collected using a portable photosynthesis system. Cultivars of each species responded similarly, and marketable yields were low across all treatments, with average marketable yields (mean ± sd) of 1.7 ± 0.6 stems/plant for anemone and 1.2 ± 0.1 stems/plant for ranunculus. Visual quality (0–5 scale, with 0 = dead and 5 = excellent) decreased from 3 to 1 for anemone and 3 to 2 for ranunculus as EC increased from 0.5 to 4.5 dS⋅m–1 and 0.5 to 5.5 dS⋅m–1, respectively. Anemone leaf greenness decreased by 48%, stomatal conductance (gS) decreased by 79%, transpiration (E) decreased by 75%, and net photosynthesis (Pn) decreased by 92% when irrigation solution EC increased from 0.5 to 4.5 dS⋅m–1. The ranunculus growth index decreased by 17%, leaf greenness decreased by 45%, and E decreased by 23% as irrigation solution EC increased from 0.5 to 5.5 dS⋅m–1. Both anemone and ranunculus can be considered sensitive to salinity, indicating the importance of careful soil management in cut flower production systems in semiarid areas that are at risk for elevated soil salinity.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of di-μ-chlorido-bis[(acetonitrile-κN)chlorido(ethyl 5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate-κ2 N 2,O)copper(II)]

The title compound, [Cu2Cl4(C5H10N2O2)2(CH3CN)2] or [Cu2(μ2-Cl)2(CH3—Pz-COOCH2CH3)2Cl2(CH3CN)2], was synthesized using a one-pot reaction of copper powder, copper(II) chloride dihydrate and ethyl 5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (CH3—Pz-COOCH2CH3) in acetonitrile under ambient conditions. This complex consists of discrete binuclear molecules with a {Cu2(μ2-Cl)2} core, in which the Cu...Cu distance is 3.8002 (7) Å. The pyrazole-based ligands are bidentate coordinated, leading to the formation of two five-membered chelate rings. The coordination geometry of both copper atoms (ON2Cl3) can be described as distorted octahedral on account of the acetonitrile coordination. A Hirshfeld surface analysis suggests that the most important contributions to the surface contacts are from H...H (40%), H...Cl/Cl...H (24.3%), H...O/O...H (11.8%), H...C/C...H (9.2%) and H...N/N...H (8.3%) interactions.

Crystal structure of (4-methylbenzyl)(triphenyl)phosphonium chloride dihydrate, C26H28ClO2P

C26H28ClO2P, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.6061(2) Å, b = 19.7791(4) Å, c = 11.1982(3) Å, β = 116.278(3)°, V = 2304.98(10) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0373, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1034, T = 100 K.

Produksi MgCl2 dari Bittern melalui Optimalisasi Pemisahan Ion Sulfat Menggunakan Reagen Kalsium Klorida Dihidrat

Madura memberikan kontribusi terbesar terhadap produksi garam di Jawa Timur. Produksi garam menghasilkan limbah yang disebut bittern. Bittern merupakan air sisa kristalisasi garam yang berbentuk cairan dengan kadar kepekatan >29o Be dan memiliki kandungan utama berupa ion magnesium. Selama ini, hasil bittern dari tambak garam rakyat Kabupaten Pamekasan, Madura digunakan kembali untuk proses produksi garam, dimana kegiatan tersebut dapat menurunkan kualitas garam. Dalam skala industri, bittern dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku magnesium, namun diperlukan suatu metode untuk memisahkan senyawa lainnya agar tidak mengganggu proses ekstraksi magnesium. Ion sulfat (SO₄²ˉ) merupakan ion terbanyak kedua yang terkandung dalam bittern, sehingga pemisahan ion sulfat merupakan suatu strategi untuk meningkatkan kualitas bittern sebagai bahan baku magnesium klorida. Pada penelitian ini, proses pemisahan ion sulfat menggunakan reagen kalsium klorida dihidrat (CaCl₂.2H₂O) yang ditambahkan pada bittern dengan perbandingan antara SO₄²ˉ dan CaCl₂.2H₂O yaitu P1 = 1:0,90 ; P2= 1:0,95; P3 1:1; P4=1:1,05; dan P5= 1:1,1. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kandungan sulfat pada bittern yaitu 41257,14±757,14 mg/L. Kadar sulfat pada filtrat dengan perlakuan P₁ = 4,14±0,43 mg/L; P₂ = 5,38±0,22 mg/L; P₃ = 7,57±1,14 mg/L; P₄ = 6,57±0,57 mg/L; dan P₅ = 7,48±0,46 mg/L. Penambahan CaCl₂.2H₂O berpengaruh terhadap kadar sulfat pada bittern yang dapat dilihat dari hasil uji ANOVA. Perlakuan optimal dari uji lanjut DNMR yaitu pada perlakuan ratio molar 1:0,9 dengan nilai rata-rata 4,1429 mg/L dimana dilihat dari rata-rata paling kecil dari perlakuan lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini menjadi penelitian dasar untuk melakukan optimasi ekstrak magnesium klorida dari bahan baku bittern. Madura provides the largest contribution to salt production in East Java. Salt production generates a waste called bittern. Bittern is the residual liquid of salt crystallization with a concentration of 29oBe and has the main content of magnesium ions. Unfortunately, bittern from the salt pond in Pamekasan Regency, Madura is reused for the salt production process, whereby this activity can reduce the quality of salt. On an industrial scale, bittern can be used as a raw material for magnesium, but a method is needed to separate other compounds so it does not interfere with the magnesium extraction process. Sulfate ion (SO₄²ˉ) is the second most abundant ion contained in bittern. Thus, the separation of sulfate ions is a strategy to improve the quality of bittern as a raw material for magnesium chloride. In this study, the separation process of sulfate ions using calcium chloride dihydrate reagent (CaCl₂.2H₂O) added to bittern with a ratio between SO₄²ˉ and CaCl₂.2H₂O, namely P1 = 1:0,90; P2= 1:0,95; P3 1:1; P4=1:1,05; dan P5= 1:1,1. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the sulfate content in bittern is 41257.14 ± 757.14mg/L. Sulfate levels in the filtrate were P₁ = 4.14±0.43 mg/L; P₂ = 5.38±0.22 mg/L; P₃ = 7.57±1.14mg/L; P₄ = 6.57±0.57mg/L; and P₅ = 7.48±0.46 mg/L.The addition of CaCl₂.2H₂O has an effect on the sulfate content of bittern which can be exhibited from the ANOVA test results. The optimal treatment of the DNMR test is the treatment of the molar ratio of 1: 0.9 with an average value of 4.1429 mg/L, which is referred from the smallest average of other treatments. The results of this study serve as basic research to optimize the extract of magnesium chloride from bittern as raw material.

Effectiveness of Castration with Burdizzo, Calcium Chloride and Olive Oil in ‎Sahel Bucks

We evaluated the efficacy of castration with bilateral intratesticular injections of Calcium Chloride Dihydrate (CaCl2) in ethanol, Olive Oil as well as Burdizzo technique in twenty Sahel bucks. The bucks were randomly distributed into four groups as A, B, C and D. Group A served as the control and were given bilateral intratesticular injection of 1.0 ml of normal saline. Bucks in group B were castrated with Burdizzo, while group C and D were given bilateral intra testicular injection of 1.0 ml of CaCl2 and Olive oil, respectively. The sonograms and semen profiles of the bucks were evaluated.The diameters of the testicles and spermatic cords and the semen parameters were measured in real time after castration at days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60. The diameters in the Burdizzo, CaCl2‎and Olive oil castrated bucks ‎significantly increased (P < 0.05) on days 7 and was decreased at ‎day 60.‎ Semen motility was absent in the bucks castrated with Cacl2 after day 14. The ‎concentration of spermatozoa also decreased significantly on day 7 in all the Burdizzo, CaCl2‎and ‎Olive oil castrated goats. Sonogram of testes castrated with Cacl2 showed discreet focal ‎hyperechoic, surrounded by ‎hypoechoic areas ‎within the parenchyma due to the CaCl2 deposition. The testes of bucks castrated with olive oil were ‎characterized by a central hypoechoic area ‎surrounded by clearly distinguishable hyperechoic ‎areas within the parenchyma. It was concluded that intratesticular injection with Burdizzo, CaCl2and olive oil resulted in successful castration but CaCl2 injection resulted in earlier azoospermia.