Relationships among the aboveground vegetation, seed rain, and seed bank were examined on a late seral herb field characterized by pocket gopher disturbance and on an early seral gravel borrow that had been severely disturbed 35 years ago on the Beartooth Plateau, Montana. Aboveground vegetation cover was assessed by species in twelve 5-m2 plots. Seed rain was sampled during the 1988, 1989, and 1990 growing seasons with pitfall traps, and the soil seed bank was sampled in fall 1989, spring 1990, and fall 1990. The seed rain (filled seeds) on the borrow area ranged from 7730 to 14 009 seeds/m2 and was higher than that found on other alpine sites; that on the Geum turf ranged from 3375 to 6179 seeds/m2 and was similar to that for other alpine sites. Although highly variable among dates on the borrow area, the seed banks were similar to those of comparable alpine sites. Seed bank density ranged from 1980 to 6003 seeds/m2 on the borrow area and from 3202 to 4647 seeds/m2 on the Geum turf area. The Geum turf area had higher vegetation cover than the borrow area (87 vs. 25%) and higher numbers of species in the aboveground vegetation, seed rain, and seed bank. Relationships among the aboveground vegetation, seed rain, and seed bank were largely determined by the disturbance characteristics of the different sites and the life-history strategies of the dominant species. Medium-lived species, primarily grasses, with high production of small and compact seeds had colonized the borrow area. Despite establishment of other species, 35 years after disturbance the medium-lived species still dominated the aboveground vegetation, seed rain, and seed bank. Species abundances in the three different components were all highly correlated. In contrast, on the Geum turf area there were no correlations among the aboveground vegetation, seed rain, or seed bank. Long-lived forbs that produced low numbers of relatively large seeds dominated the aboveground vegetation and persisted on the area primarily in the vegetative state. The same medium-lived species that dominated the borrow area had the highest abundance in the seed rain on the Geum turf area and appeared to persist by colonizing small-scale disturbances caused by gopher burrowing. Short-lived species with small, long-lived seeds existed on the site primarily through a highly persistent seed bank. The relationships among the aboveground vegetation, seed rain, and seed bank on the Geum turf and borrow areas are compared with those observed for more temperate systems following disturbance. Key words: alpine, herb field, Geum turf, disturbance, vegetation cover, seed rain, seed bank, colonization, establishment, succession.
Evidence for herbaceous seed dispersal by small-bodied fishes in a Pantanal seasonal wetland
