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2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Schang ◽  
Kieran Cox ◽  
Andrew J. Trant

Identifying how past human actions have influenced their environment is essential for understanding the ecological factors that structure contemporary ecosystems. Intertidal resource use by Indigenous Peoples for thousands of years has led to habitation sites containing vast shell midden deposits and facilitating long-term impacts on soil chemistry and drainage. Here we examine how these shell middens have impacted various forest metrics, such as species diversity, community composition, canopy height, and regeneration recruitment to determine if forests on habitation sites differ from the surrounding matrix. We surveyed known habitation sites with archeological evidence indicating past year-round human occupation, within the Hakai Lúxvbálís Conservancy on Calvert and Hecate Islands within the Great Bear Rainforest along British Columbia’s Central Coast. Our results demonstrate that habitation sites exhibit lower tree species richness, less relative species abundances, as such, displayed lower Shannon diversity and inverse Simpson values. The composition of tree communities on habitation sites was statistically different, with western hemlock and western redcedar densities increasing on non-habitation sites. Conversely, regeneration diversity at habitation sites was more even and exhibited elevated Shannon diversity and inverse Simpson values. The community composition of regeneration was more consistent among habitation and non-habitation sites; however, western redcedar, western hemlock and Sitka spruce were more abundant at habitation sites. For all tree species, maximum height was higher within the habitation sites; however, this trend was the most notable in western redcedar and Sitka spruce, which increased by an average of 4.8 m relative to non-habitation sites. Collectively, our findings suggest that long-term habitation alters forest community compositions. The landscape alterations within habitation sites promote conditions needed to support diverse, even, and abundant regeneration communities and consequently increase the height of the dominant coastal tree species. Thus, our results offer evidence that long-term influence by Indigenous communities have a persistent influence on coastal forests.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
Wieke Herningtyas

Abstract: Oil palm was one of profitable industrial crops. Oil palm high demand in industries encouraged new plantation field opening as oil palm plantation by means of forest conversion method. From land acquisition to oil palm plantation management, tenurial conflict often occurs. This article aimed to map some existing researches concerning conflict of palm oil companies with indigenous and surrounding forest community in Indonesia. This article uses systematic review method by using conflict-related keywords as assisting tool in filtering the data in order to acquire matching articles. Conflict of palm oil companies with indigenous people and surrounding forest community was distributed into four types. Type 1 was the conflict related to land acquisition and HGU permit. Type 2 was the conflict related to plasma plantation development and land compensation which would be used for plasma plantation. Type 3 was the conflict related to Broken Promises and Unfulfilled CSR Commitment. Type 4 was the conflict which occurred during plasma plantation management by cooperatives and companies for oil palm production (TBS and CPO). Keywords: conflict, plantation, palm oil, indigenous people, people surrounding society   Intisari : Kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu produk tanaman industri yang menguntungkan. Tingginya permintaan kelapa sawit oleh pasar industri mendorong pembukaan lahan perkebunan baru untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit melalui konversi hutan. Konversi lahan sering terjadi konflik tenurial. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memetakan penelitian-penelitian terdahulu mengenai konflik antara perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan masyarakat adat/masyarakat sekitar hutan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sistematik review dengan menggunakan kata kunci sebagai alat bantu dalam proses penyaringan untuk mendapatkan artikel yang sesuai. Konflik antara perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan masyarakat adat/masyarakat sekitar hutan dibagi menjadi empat tipe. Tipe 1 adalah konflik terkait akuisisi lahan dan perizinan HGU. Tipe 2 adalah konflik yang terjadi terkait pengembangan perkebunan plasma dan ganti rugi lahan yang akan digunakan untuk perkebunan plasma. Tipe 3 adalah konflik yang terjadi terkait janji yang tidak ditepati dan komitmen dari CSR yang tidak dipenuhi. Tipe 4 adalah konflik yang terjadi dalam pengelolaan kebun plasma oleh koperasi dan perusahaan untuk menghasilkan kelapa sawit (TBS dan CPO). Kata Kunci: kelapa sawit, konflik, masyarakat adat, masyarakat sekitar hutan perkebunan


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Q Tang ◽  
Xia Lu ◽  
Min-Rui Du ◽  
Shu-Li Xiao ◽  
Shuaifeng Li ◽  
...  

Abstract Aims Caryota obtusa of Arecaceae is a fascinating palm tree native to southwestern China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It is an economically important and threatened species and appears as a canopy dominant in some karst areas in Yunnan. We aim to clarify the forest structure, species diversity, population status and regeneration dynamics of C. obtusa in the karst forest ecosystem of Yunnan, China. Methods We established 56 vegetation plots dominated by C. obtusa in 10 counties of southern Yunnan. As based on the plot data, we analyzed the community stratification, floristic composition, and C. obtusa’s population structure. We used questionnaires to interview local people and recorded the human activity history on C. obtusa-dominated forests. Important findings: C. obtusa palm forests were distributed on limestone mountain slopes and gullies. There were seven forest community types. The stratification of each community included arborous layer, shrub layer and understory. The communities had rich species composition. For all the plots as a whole of each community type, Shannon-Wiener diversity index of either woody or herbaceous species ranged from 2.1-3.8. The DBH-class frequency distribution of C. obtusa was a multimodal type. The regeneration was sporadic and depended on intermediate natural disturbances. In current population structure, number of C. obtusa trees with small DBHs was consisted mainly of the forest communities with no or a slight degree of human disturbances. Intensive human activities terribly hindered C. obtusa’s recruitment, followed by medium intensity of human activities.


2021 ◽  
pp. SP521-2021-151
Author(s):  
Jungang Peng ◽  
Sam M. Slater ◽  
Vivi Vajda

AbstractThe Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE; ∼234‒232 million years ago) is characterized by an accelerated hydrological cycle, global warming and a period of elevated biotic turnover. Using spores and pollen, we reconstruct vegetation and climate changes through a Carnian‒Norian (Upper Triassic) interval of the Huangshanjie Formation from the Junggar Basin, China. Four palynofloras were identified, representing distinct vegetation communities. Among these palynofloras, we observed a prominent shift from a conifer-dominated climax forest community, with common ginkgophytes and bennettites, to a fern-dominated community, suggestive of an environmental perturbation. We interpret this change as a regional shift in vegetation, likely caused by increased humidity, consistent with the CPE. Our records represent the first indication of a possible CPE-induced vegetation response in the Junggar Basin and highlight how this event likely affected floral communities of inland Laurasia.Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5738637


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 407-423
Author(s):  
Viktoria Yu. Letukhova ◽  
Irina L. Potapenko

This article presents the results of the population studies of rare protected species Orchis punctulata (Orchidaceae). Based on analysis of local floras in eastern and southeastern Crimea and personal observations, we identified the three most numerous populations of O. punctulata: two in the steppe (on the Tepe-Oba mountain ridge) and one in forest communities (on the Kiziltash mountain ridge). The ontogenetic, demographic, and vitality structures of the populations were studied. We also assessed the life strategies of the species in different habitats. The populations in steppe communities were characterized by high number and density parameters. O. punctulate often formed large clusters and was dominated here. A small number and low density characterized the population in the forest community; the distribution of individuals within the population was scattered. The age spectra were also different. The populations in steppe communities had a left-sided spectrum with a maximum in immature individuals, while in forest communities, it had a bimodal spectrum with maximums in generative (with a predominance of mature and old generative) and immature individuals. Specimens from forest communities were more extensive than those of steppe communities, they had longer leaves and inflorescences, and their inflorescences had a more significant number of flowers. As a result, the population in the forest community had a higher vitality index. It included individuals of the highest and middle class of vitality. The populations in the steppe community consisted of all classes of vitality or only of middle and lower classes. Thus, optimal environmental conditions for the growth of species are in forests. At the same time, a low level of regeneration and competition from other plants hinder its wide distribution. As a result, the species exserts as a phytocenotic patient (S-strategy). In steppe communities, the species is characterized by a mixed patient-explerant-violant strategy (SRC strategy).


2021 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 108389
Author(s):  
Danyang Yuan ◽  
Liangjun Zhu ◽  
Paolo Cherubini ◽  
Zongshan Li ◽  
Yuandong Zhang ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Soumya Dasgupta ◽  
Tapajit Bhattacharya ◽  
Prafulla Bhamburkar ◽  
Rahul Kaul

Tropical forests are complex systems with heterogenous community assemblages often threatened under anthropogenic disturbances and grazing. We studied the change in plant community composition and structure under a disturbance gradient in the tropical dry deciduous forest of the corridor area between Nagzira-Navegaon Tiger reserve of central India. We tested the hypothesis that the plant community will change along the proximity gradient from the human settlement depending on the anthropogenic stress. We sampled 183 nested quadrat plots to collect data on species abundance and various disturbance parameters. Density, diversity, and Importance Value Index were calculated and multivariate analysis was done to assess the changes in species assemblage along the disturbance gradients. We found 76% overall dissimilarity between the plant communities in the three distance classes perpetrated by the difference in mean abundance of species like Tectona grandis, Terminalia sp, and Largerstroemia parviflora. The anthropogenic factors influence the density and diversity of tree species and regeneration classes. We found the abundance of regeneration class increased along the distance from the villages. The study intensifies the need for proper management and conservative approach to preserve the diversity of the forest patches for its structural and functional contiguity as a corridor in the central India's highly susceptible and intricate corridor framework.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-474
Author(s):  
Arida Susilowati ◽  
Asep Hidayat ◽  
Anita Zaitunah ◽  
Melya Riniarti ◽  
Rio Afandi

Long jack (Eurycoma longifolia) is a medicinal plant that has become a common target for exploitation, leading to a population decline in natural forests. This study aimed to determine the stand structure and regeneration status of E. longifolia tree habitat in Batang Lubu Sutam Forest, Padang Lawas, North Sumatra. The research was performed through vegetation analysis using a purposive sampling technique with a randomized sample plot based on the presence of E. longifolia. A total of 181 plots were established in this study. The results showed that the horizontal structure of tree species in the research area had an inverted J-shape pattern, indicating that the number of trees decreased as the diameter increased. The vertical structure showed that all strata were found in the research location, dominated by stratum C. This condition indicated that the forest was in good condition. The regeneration status of 48 species in the location showed different categories. Thirty species (62.50%) were classified as good regeneration, ten species (18.75%) as new regeneration, and four species (8.30%) as poor and no regeneration. The high proportion of trees with good regeneration showed that the forest community could survive despite environmental or anthropogenic stress. Keywords: long jack (Eurycoma longifolia), regeneration, species composition, vegetation structure


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Ling Liao ◽  
Gregory Bonito ◽  
Khalid Hameed ◽  
Steven H. Wu ◽  
Ko-Hsuan Chen ◽  
...  

Within the forest community, competition and facilitation between adjacent-growing conspecific and heterospecific plants are mediated by interactions involving common mycorrhizal networks. The ability of plants to alter their neighbor’s microbiome is well documented, but the molecular biology of plant-fungal interactions during competition and facilitation has not been previously examined. We used a common soil-plant bioassay experiment to study molecular plant-microbial interactions among rhizosphere communities associated with Pinus taeda (native host) and Populus trichocarpa (non-native host). Gene expression of interacting fungal and bacterial rhizosphere communities was compared among three plant-pairs: Populus growing with Populus, Populus with Pinus, and Pinus with Pinus. Our results demonstrate that heterospecific plant partners affect the assembly of root microbiomes, including the changes in the structure of host specific community. Comparative metatranscriptomics reveals that several species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and saprotrophic fungi exhibit different patterns of functional and regulatory gene expression with these two plant hosts. Heterospecific plants affect the transcriptional expression pattern of EMF host-specialists (e.g., Pinus-associated Suillus spp.) on both plant species, mainly including the genes involved in the transportation of amino acids, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions. Alteration of root microbiome by neighboring plants may help regulate basic plant physiological processes via modulation of molecular functions in the root microbiome.


2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012040
Author(s):  
E Karlina ◽  
I Yeny

Abstract The sustainability of peat swamp ecosystem management requires conservation efforts to prevent the exploitative and destructive utilization of the ecosystem. The real action efforts of conservation activities are closely related to the support from the surrounding peat forest community. The purpose of the study is to determine the level of community perception of peat ecosystem conservation. The method used is quantitative descriptive, with score intervals using the Likert scale. The study results show that respondents’ characteristics indicate that respondents’ economic value is in line with the length of stay in Buntoi Village. The value of three indicator community perception is in the high and very high categories. The study results show that the knowledge category of peat ecosystem conservation ranges from 948-1368 (high-very high), the response ranges from 1224-1572 (very high), and community attitude scores from 1260-1584 (very high). Respondents who live > 20 years stated that it is very important to carry out conservation activities. Community perception is agreed and very agree towards conservation efforts in the sustainable use of peat ecosystem. They are ready to participate in all forms of activities, both in private and government programs.


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