Seletividade e eficácia de herbicidas aplicados à cultura do trigo

As plantas daninhas ocasionam efeitos negativos na produtividade e na qualidade dos grãos da cultura do trigo quando não controladas de modo eficiente. Assim sendo, objetivou-se com os trabalhos avaliar a seletividade e a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados para o manejo de plantas daninhas infestante da cultivar de trigo TBIO Sinuelo. Foram instalados dois experimentos, um para avaliar a seletividade e outro a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em trigo, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados foram: iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl, 2,4-D, clodinafope-propargil, [bentazon + imazamox], saflufenacil, bentazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, imazamox, pendimethalin, [sulfentrazone + diuron], mais duas testemunhas uma capinada e outra infestada. Os herbicidas que ocasionaram as maiores injúrias ao trigo foram o imazamox e a mistura comercial de [bentazon + imazamox] com fitotoxicidade próxima a 50%. A aplicação da mistura comercial de [sulfentrazone + diuron] demonstrou a maior produtividade de grãos do trigo. O uso de clodinafope-propargil e pyroxsulam apresentaram os melhores controles de Lolium multiflorum, com 100 e 98,25%, aos 21 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, respectivamente. Ocorreu controle acima de 90% de Raphanus raphanistrum com uso de iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl, 2,4-D, [bentazon + imazamox], saflufenacil, bentazon e carfentrazone. O clodinafope-propargil demonstra o maior controle para o azevém e o iodosulfuron-ethyl, pyroxsulam, metsulfurom-metílico, 2,4-D, saflufenacil e carfentrazone para o nabo. O pyroxsulam foi o tratamento que demonstrou, nos dois experimentos, os melhores resultados para os componentes da produção, especialmente para a produtividade da cultura.

Mesotrione: a new preemergence herbicide option for wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) control in wheat

Wild radish is the most problematic broadleaf weed of Australian grain production. The propensity of wild radish to evolve resistance to herbicides has led to high frequencies of multiple herbicide resistant populations present in these grain production regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mesotrione to selectively control wild radish in wheat. The initial dose response pot trials determined that at the highest mesotrione rate of 50 g ha−1, PRE application was 30% more effective than POST on wild radish. This same rate of mesotrione POST resulted in a 30% reduction in wheat biomass compared to 0% for the PRE application. Subsequent, mesotrione PRE dose response trials identified a wheat selective rate range of >100 and < 300 g ai ha−1 that provided greater than 85% wild radish control with less than 15% reduction in wheat growth. Field evaluations confirmed the efficacy of mesotrione at 100 to 150 g ai ha−1 in reducing wild radish populations by greater than 85% following PRE application and incorporation by wheat planting. Additionally, these field trials demonstrated the opportunity for season-long control of wild radish when mesotrione PRE was followed by bromoxynil POST. The sequential application of mesotrione, an HPPD-inhibiting herbicide, PRE followed by bromoxynil, a PS II-inhibiting herbicide POST has the potential to provide 100% wild radish control with no effect on wheat growth.

Winter Forage Crop Harvest Time Impacts Regeneration of the Annual Weeds Barley Grass, Annual Ryegrass and Wild Radish

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a short-lived annual weed which competes with preferred crop and pasture species and frequently contaminates wool and carcasses, and irritates the ears, eyes and noses of sheep. Barley grass, annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) are annual winter crop weeds which reduce grain yield through competition. In three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) cereal, legume and cereal/legume forage crops were grown and harvested in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). A spring wheat cultivar was sown over each site in the following year (2016 to 2018). Weed density was recorded during the forage crop and wheat phases. Forage crop weed populations varied between years. Late paddock preparation for sowing in 2015 effectively eradicated barley grass from all forage crops; however, the competitiveness of legume and cereal/legume crops against annual ryegrass was reduced. In contrast, legume and cereal/legume mixtures tended to have higher barley grass densities than cereal crops in 2016 and 2017, when paddock preparation was earlier. Cutting in October 2015 reduced annual ryegrass and wild radish populations in 2016 wheat by 92.0% and 86.7%, respectively. In 2017 and 2018, regrowth and subsequent seed set following cutting appeared to negate cutting time effects for all crop and crop/legume combinations. Late paddock preparation, an early October forage harvest and effective regrowth control provided the best opportunity for barley grass, annual ryegrass and wild radish control in a single year.

The Impact of Ensiling at Different Moisture Contents on Germinability and Viability of Selected Weed Species’ Seeds

Weeds are an increasingly significant issue inhibiting agricultural production worldwide. Forage conservation could form part of an integrated weed management program if ensiling killed weed seeds. In Experiment 1, seeds of five grass (Hordeum spp., Bromus diandrus, Bromus hordeaceum, Lolium rigidum and Vulpia spp.) and two broad-leaved temperate weed species (Echium spp. and Raphanus raphanistrum), that were either untreated, ensiled in pasture (Trifolium subterranean/Lolium rigidum mixture) forage for a minimum of three months, underwent 48 h in sacco digestion in steers or ensiled prior to digestion were tested for germinability and viability. In Experiment 2, seeds of eight tropical weed species (Cenchrus ciliaris, Rumex spp., Bidens pilosa, Sorghum halepense, Urochloa panicaoides, Paspalum dilatatum, Brachiara eruciformis and Choris truncata) were ensiled in Sorghum bicolor forage. In Experiment 3, L. rigidum and R. raphanistrum seeds were ensiled in either Medicago sativa forage wilted to 336.9, 506.5 or 610.7 g/kg dry matter; or in chaff to which water or water plus acid was added at rates to achieve 350, 450 or 550 g/kg dry matter content with lactic plus acetic acid added in the ratio of 3:2 at 80, 45 or 10 g/kg DM, respectively. In Experiment 4, L. rigidum and R. raphanistrum seeds were ensiled in cotton wool to which water or water plus acid was added at the same rates as in Experiment 3. Germinability of all seeds following ensiling was substantially reduced or nil. The extent of the reduction varied with species and experiment. In sacco digestion reduced germinability in Experiment 1, but to a lesser extent than ensiling; while ensiling plus digestion reduced germination rates to 0%.

Antidiabetic and Antilipidemic activity of Poly herbal formulation (PHF) in STZ-NA induced diabetes in rats

The effects of polyherbal formulations were studied in the streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetes rat model. The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of polyherbal formulations on the blood sugar level (BSL) as well as blood lipid level(BLL) of STZ-NA diabetic rats. The leaves of Moringa oleifera and roots of Raphanus raphanistrum were used for the study due to the presence of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenolic acids, flavonoids. Three polyherbal formulations were prepared from different portions of leaves of Moringa oleifera and roots of Raphanus raphanistrum and titled PHF-I, PHF-II and PHF-III. Diabetes in experimental animals was induced by STZ injection intraperitoneally (i. p) after 30 min of Nicotinamide injection i. p in all animal groups except normal control group animals. Group, I served as normal control received no treatment. Group II served as negative control received streptozotocin-nicotinamide. Group III rats were treated with Metformin, Group IV, Group V and Group VI rats treated with PHF-I, PHF-II and PHF-III respectively. Physical parameters (body weight, feed and water intake), Biochemical parameters (Blood Glucose, Serum Insulin, Serum C-Peptide Level, Serum Leptin, Serum Total cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL) were measured on 0th, 14th and 28th day. The study results and histopathology of the pancreas indicate that oral administration of polyherbal formulation- II proved as a more effective, safe anti-diabetic agent in comparison to Polyherbal formulation I and III by Decrease in body weight, fasting blood glucose, serum glucose level. Increase in serum insulin level, serum C-peptide with a significant decrease in blood serum lipid level.

TREATMENT OF LEAD CONTAMINATED WASTE SLUDGE USING THE WILD RADISH VEGETABLE SPECIES Raphanus raphanistrum

Sludge generated in the treatment of urban wastewater must be properly treated as it may contain concentrations of heavy metals or the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. The wastewater treatment plant in the main parish of Penipe, Chimborazo province, Ecuador, consists of an Imhoff tank in whose sedimentation chambers the waste sludge from physical treatment is digested under anaerobic conditions. The sludge is discharged into an open-air drying bed and does not receive treatment to stabilize it. Laboratory analysis determined that the sludge contains 24.23 mg.kg-1 of lead and is considered a potentially hazardous waste. The aim of the research is to treat the contaminated sludge by means of phytoextraction. The plant species known as wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) was sown in the residual mud and the treatment was biomonitoring for 91 days. Mud samples were taken every 15 days and by laboratory analysis a decrease in lead concentration was identified, identifying a root absorption efficiency of 16.40%.

Population Distribution of Wild Radish (Raphanus Raphanistrum L.) Weed and Soil Depth of Seed Bank Across Different Land-Use Types in Horro District, Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Background: Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is an invasive weed in Ethiopia and hurting different land use types in the Horro district of the study area and fact, more research has not been done yet on the weed is highly infested and persisted for three decades. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the weeds flora and seed bank status across different land use types in the Horro district of western Oromia, Ethiopia. Three locations and from each location five different land use were purposively selected and a 1m2 area of quadratic sampling techniques was used to record weed flora. From each quadrat, soil samples were taken having two soil depth levels (0-15cm and >15-30cm) to evaluate the soil seed bank of weeds. Results: The data of wild radish weed in different location and different land use types both field survey and greenhouse experiments were found a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) among the target action of land use types but there was found no significant difference among soil depths. More all less, the highest wild radish population was recorded from grazing land land followed by wheat crop land and among the locations, Gitilo Dale has the highest weed density. Among the weed flora, again wild radish was highly dominated weed species than the other weed species in all land use types and locations. From soil seed bank status of soil depth, high weed population was recorded at 0-16cm of second season weed emergence from pot and Gitilo Dale was the highest infected location at this season, while barley crop land was the highest infected among land use types in first season of weed emergence from pot. Among the weed species were recorded from soil depth, again wild radish was highly dominated in both seasons. The population of weed flora per quadrat was directly proportion with population recorded from soil depth that emerged from pot. Conclusions: This study has highly verified that this area has highly infected by wald radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and there could be a source of weed seed. Generally, the concerned bodies should have to be given attention which should need immediate intervention strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of weed otherwise the area will be out of production soon. Therefore, an extensive integrated weed management strategies should be applied in all phases of cropping systems to sustain environment and reduce this weed in the future.

Parasitoids of Delia planipalpis (Meigen) and Delia platura (Stein) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in Mexico

Among the insect pests that affect crucifer crops in Mexico are Delia planipalpis (Meigen) and D. platura (Stein). They are a threat to the production of these vegetables since the damage they cause directly and indirectly affects yield, quality, and commercialization of these crops. Nevertheless, the existence of natural enemies of these dipterans is still unknown. It is fundamental to determine which parasitoids or predators can be considered possible biological control agents in an integrated pest management program. The sampling sites were located in Guanajuato, Puebla, and the State of Mexico, where plants of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk and capitata L., B. napus L., and Raphanus sativus L. infested with Delia spp. were selected. The symptoms observed were wilting, yellowish, flaccid leaves and individuals less developed than the rest of the crop. These plants were extracted with their root and the surrounding soil. Also, wild crucifers were collected, such as Raphanus raphanistrum L., Brassica campestris L., and Sisymbrium irio L. The first records of Aphaereta pallipes Say (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Trybliographa rapae (Westwood) (Hymenoptera, Figitidae), and Aleochara bimaculata Gravenhorst (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) are reported parasitizing the puparia of these anthomyiid flies on cultivated and wild crucifers. This represents only a starting point for the continuous study of these parasitoids, which is needed to consider them useful for the biological control of D. planipalpis and D. platura.