Urinary incontinence (UI) is a highly prevalent and bothersome problem that affects men and women of all ages. The aetiological spectrum of UI is wide, encompassing dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract, its neural control, the pelvic floor as well as other factors such as the side effects of pharmacotherapy. Although not life-threatening, UI frequently impacts upon the quality of life, psychological and emotional well-being of affected individuals. Additionally, UI imposes a tremendous economic burden on both the individual and the wider society in costs of nursing care, treatments, and lost productivity. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of the epidemiology, aetiopathophysiology of UI, and to discuss the approach to the assessment, investigation, and initial management of the patient presenting with UI.