AbstractEvolution of post-AGB stars is extremely fast. They cross the HR diagram vertically on a timescale of hundreds to some ten thousands of years to reach maximum temperature in their lifetime. This is reflected in an increasing excitation of planetary nebulae on a timescale of years and decades. Since evolutionary timescale of post-AGB stars is very sensitive to their mass, observed changes can be used to determine model dependent central star masses. If an additional parameter is determined (e.g. luminosity or dynamic age), the observed evolution of planetary nebulae can be utilized for observational verification of theoretical models.
Tracking the Real-Time Evolution of a Writing Event: Second Language Writers at Different Proficiency Levels
