Novel mycorrhizal cheating in a green orchid: Cremastra appendiculata depends on carbon from deadwood through fungal associations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Suetsugu ◽  
Takashi F. Haraguchi ◽  
Ichiro Tayasu
Keyword(s):  
Cremastra Appendiculata ◽  
Fungal Associations

A light and electron microscope study of the fungal endophytes in the sporophyte and gametophyte of Lycopodium cernuum with observations on the gametophyte–sporophyte junction

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Duckett ◽  
Roberto Ligrone
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodules ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Fungal Associations

The ventral epidermal cells of the photosynthetic, surface-living gametophytes of Lycopodium cernuum, collected from moist shaded banks in Peninsular Malaysia, contain an aseptate fungus. In some cells the hyphae are thick walled and form coils encapsulated by a thin layer of host wall material. In others the fungus is thin walled and shows limited differentiation into larger trunk hyphae and arbuscules. The adjacent host cytoplasm, separated from the fungus by a granular interfacial matrix, contains numerous chloroplasts, mitochondria, and microtubules. The hyphae contact the substratum via the ventral walls of the epidermal cells and the rhizoids are free from infection. In the protocorm and root nodules, aseptate hyphae initially colonize mucilage-filled schizogenous intercellular spaces. Subsequent invasion of the host cells is associated with the development of massive overgrowths of host wall material. The fungal associations in L. cernuum share a mixture of attributes otherwise found in different angiosperm mycorrhizae and in mycotrophic relationships in liverworts. Wall ingrowths are present in both the gametophyte and sporophyte cells in the placenta of L. cernuum. The very limited development of the placenta, compared with L. appressum, certain bryophytes and ferns, the diminutive size, and early senescence of the gametophytes of L. cernuum are all linked to the presence of the protocorm. This massive absorptive organ, homologous to a foot, in terms of its position in sporophyte ontogeny, but external to the parent gametophyte, derives its nutrition partly from photosynthesis and partly from its fungal endophyte. Key words: chloroplasts, Lycopodium, mycorrhiza, pteridophytes, root nodules, symbiosis, transfer cells.

scholarly journals Hock B, ed. 2001. The Mycota. Vol 9. Fungal associations. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. 250 pp.  96 (hardback).

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-518
Author(s):  
R. C. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Associations

Fungal associations in broad-leaved wood-lands in North-West England

1972 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Hering
Keyword(s):  
North West ◽  
Fungal Associations

Distribution of fungi in a Triassic fern stem

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla J. Harper ◽  
Jean Galtier ◽  
Thomas N. Taylor ◽  
Edith L. Taylor ◽  
Ronny Rößler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Tissue Preservation ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Fossil Plant ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fungal Distribution ◽  
Fungal Associations

ABSTRACTDocumented evidence of fungi associated with Mesozoic ferns is exceedingly rare. Three different types of fungal remains occur in a portion of a small, permineralised fern stem of uncertain systematic affinities from the Triassic of Germany. Exquisite preservation of all internal tissues made it possible to map the spatial distribution of the fungi in several longitudinal and transverse sections. Narrow, intracellular hyphae extend through the entire cortex, while wide hyphae are concentrated in the cortical intercellular system adjacent to the stele and leaf traces. Hyphal swellings occur in the phloem and adjacent cortex, while moniliform hyphae (or chains of conidia) are present exclusively in parenchyma adjacent to the stele. No host response is recognisable, but host tissue preservation suggests that the fern was alive during fungal colonisation. The highest concentration of fungal remains occurs close to the stele and leaf traces, suggesting that the fungi either utilised the vascular tissues as an infection/colonisation pathway or extracted nutrients from these tissues. This study presents the first depiction of fungal distribution throughout a larger portion of a fossil plant. Although distribution maps are useful tools in assessing fungal associations in relatively small, fossil plants, preparing similar maps for larger and more complex fossils would certainly be difficult and extremely arduous.

Specificity of fungal associations of Pyroleae andMonotropa hypopitysduring germination and seedling development

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2591-2604 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Johansson ◽  
M. Bahram ◽  
L. Tedersoo ◽  
U. Kõljalg ◽  
O. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Development ◽  
Fungal Associations

scholarly journals New Peptaibiotics and a Cyclodepsipeptide from Ijuhya vitellina: Isolation, Identification, Cytotoxic and Nematicidal Activities

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Ashaimaa Y. Moussa ◽  
Christopher Lambert ◽  
Theresia E.B. Stradal ◽  
Samad Ashrafi ◽  
Wolfgang Maier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Acetyl Derivative ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Fatty Acid Chain ◽  
Ester Formation ◽  
Fungal Associations ◽  
Scientific Attention

Fungal associations with nematodes have attracted scientific attention because of the need to develop new biocontrol agents. In this context, Ijuhya vitellina, an antagonistic fungus previously isolated from the plant parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, was selected to carry out an in-depth metabolomic study for its active metabolites. Herein, three new nonapeptide peptaibols with leucinostatin based sequences were isolated and identified by 1, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS-MS. The absolute configuration was assigned based on Marfay’s analysis and Mosher ester formation. The new leucinostatins manifested moderate nematicidal effect against the plant pathogenic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans with LD90 values ranging from 5 to 7 µg/mL. Furthermore, a cyclodepsipeptide, named arthrichitin D, with five amino acid residues attached to a 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylhexadeca-4,6-dienoic fatty acid chain was discovered and showed weak nematicidal effect against Caenorhabditis elegans. Chaetoglobosin B and its 19-O-acetyl derivative were also obtained as minor metabolites, and the activity of chaetoglobosin B on the actin cytoskeleton of mammalian cells was assessed.

scholarly journals Two New Phenanthrene Glucosides from Cremastra appendiculata and their Cytotoxic Activities

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Qiao Liu ◽  
Xiao-Ping Li ◽  
Wen-Ke Yuan ◽  
Qiao-Yu Yuan ◽  
Bin-Hua Qin
Keyword(s):  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Cremastra Appendiculata

Two new phenanthrene glucosides, named 2′-hydroxy-4,4′,7′-trimethoxy-1,1′-biphenanthrene-2,7-di- O-β-D-glucoside (1) and 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methoxy-2,7-dihydroxy-phenanthrene-8- O-β-D-glucoside (2), together with three known compounds were isolated from the tubers of Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data. Compounds 1–4 showed moderate cytotoxic activity and compound 5 showed weak cytotoxic activity against the two cell lines tested. This is the first reported occurrence of an unusual biphenanthrene glucoside in this plant.

Assessment for animal feed of maize kernels naturally-infected predominantly with Fusarium moniliforme and Diplodia maydis. I. Fungal isolations and changes in chemical composition

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Williams ◽  
BJ Blaney ◽  
RL Dodman ◽  
CL Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
White Variety ◽  
N Content ◽  
Acremonium Strictum ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Fungal Associations ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Penicillium Spp

A study was made of the physical characteristics, fungal associations and the chemical composition of five batches of maize grain (designated A, B, J, M and P) damaged by ear-rot. All batches were the yellow hybrid, Dekalb XL81, except batch A which was a white variety, Dekalb DS456W. Batch A was separated by vibrating gravity grading into heavy (A-H) and light (A-L) fractions. For each batch, kernels were sorted visually into sound and mould-damaged samples to examine for any differences. The proportion of sound kernels in batches A, A-H, A-L, B, J, M and P was 874, 926, 260, 830, 854, 789 and 964 g kg-' respectively. Bulk density (r = 0.98) and 100 seed weight (r = 0.81) were highly correlated (P < 0.01) with the proportion of mould-damaged kernel in the sample. In visually sound kernels, Fusarium monilifome, Acremonium strictum and Penicillium spp. were the most prevalent fungi isolated. In visually damaged kernels, F. moniliforme was the fungus most frequently isolated other than for batch J where D. maydis was equally prevalent. Penicillium spp. and F. subglutinans were found in all batches but at low isolation frequencies. Compared to the respective sample of sound kernel, the content of crude protein and ash was increased and crude fat was decreased by the mould damage (P < 0-05); fibre, though more variable, was generally increased but gross energy was unaffected (P > 0.05). In visually sound kernels, the amounts of threonine, valine and glycine in the protein (g 16gN-1 ) decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing grain N content. In contrast, in visually mould-damaged kernels, lysine increased and histidine and cystine decreased with increasing grain N content (P < 0.05).

scholarly journals Space and Vine Cultivar Interact to Determine the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Álvaro López-García ◽  
José A. Jurado-Rivera ◽  
Josefina Bota ◽  
Josep Cifre ◽  
Elena Baraza
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Associations ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Mallorca Island

The interest in the use of microbes as biofertilizers is increasing in recent years as the demands for sustainable cropping systems become more pressing. Although very widely used as biofertilizers, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal associations with specific crops have received little attention and knowledge is limited, especially in the case of vineyards. In this study, the AM fungal community associated with soil and roots of a vineyard on Mallorca Island, Spain was characterized by DNA sequencing to resolve the relative importance of grape variety on their diversity and composition. Overall, soil contained a wider AM fungal diversity than plant roots, and this was found at both taxonomic and phylogenetic levels. The major effect on community composition was associated with sample type, either root or soil material, with a significant effect for the variety of the grape. This effect interacted with the spatial distribution of the plants. Such an interaction revealed a hierarchical effect of abiotic and biotic factors in shaping the composition of AM fungal communities. Our results have direct implications for the understanding of plant-fungal assemblages and the potential functional differences across plants in vineyard cropping.

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