Fine‐Scale Soil Heterogeneity at an Urban Site: Implications for Forest Restoration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Smith ◽  
Richard A Hallett ◽  
Maha Deeb ◽  
Peter M Groffman
Keyword(s):  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Fine Scale

scholarly journals Potential for Forest Restoration and Deficit Compensation in Itacaiúnas Watershed, Southeastern Brazilian Amazon

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sâmia Nunes ◽  
Rosane B. L. Cavalcante ◽  
Wilson R. Nascimento ◽  
Pedro Walfir M. Souza-Filho ◽  
Diogo Santos
Keyword(s):  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
High Water ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Land Use Classification ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
Hydrological Services

The conservation and restoration of native vegetation is vital for providing key hydrological services (i.e., maintaining high water quality, atmospheric humidity, and precipitation patterns). However, this research area lacks fine-scale studies at the watershed level to evaluate opportunities for forest restoration and deficit (the shortfall of forest required to be restored or compensated), as well as the implications for watershed management. We provide the first fine-scale estimation of forest and deficit distribution, integrating permanent preservation areas (APPs, in Portuguese) and legal reserves (RL, in Portuguese), according to Brazilian environmental law, for the 41,300 km2 Itacaiúnas watershed in the Brazilian state of Pará, which has lost 50% of its vegetation cover. Using 30 m- and 10 m-resolution imagery, a multi-temporal land use classification was performed by geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA). The results were combined with a set of Brazilian regulations on the conservation and restoration of APPs and RL to assess patterns of forest cover and legal compliance. We found that the total RL deficit (4383 km2) was higher than the total forest surplus (above legal obligation) (3241 km2). However, most of this deficit (56%) could be compensated by protecting a forest area in another property within the Amazon biome, while 44% must be legally restored. Only 4% of the total forest surplus can be legally deforested, and the remaining 96% is already protected by law but can be used to compensate for areas under the deficit. We also found that, despite 57% (3017 km2) of the total APP being forested, only 26% (1356 km2) of the APP must be restored and 17% (881 km2) can remain deforested (consolidated areas). The 2012 law revision reduced the obligation to restore RL and APPs. This change could affect hydrological and ecological services. Compensation mechanisms could be used to protect forest within the Itacaiúnas watershed, rather than in the biome, to reduce further deforestation pressure.

Tales from the underground: Soil heterogeneity and not only above‐ground plant interactions explain fine‐scale species patterns in a Mediterranean dwarf‐shrubland

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Pescador ◽  
Marcelino Cruz ◽  
Julia Chacón‐Labella ◽  
Javier Pavón‐García ◽  
Adrián Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Plant Interactions

Modifying effect of ant colonization on soil heterogeneity along a chronosequence of tropical forest restoration on slash-burn lands

2019 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 104329
Author(s):  
Mei Lu ◽  
Shaojun Wang ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Minkun Chen ◽  
Shaohui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Modifying Effect ◽  
Tropical Forest Restoration

scholarly journals Effects of topographic variability and forest attributes on fine-scale soil fertility in late-secondary succession of Atlantic Forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Cristina Rodrigues ◽  
Pedro Manuel Villa ◽  
Walnir Gomes Ferreira-Júnior ◽  
Carlos Ernesto R. G. Schaefer ◽  
Andreza Viana Neri
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Forest Attributes ◽  
Topographic Variability

Abstract Background Understanding how soil fertility changes due to topographical conditions and forest attributes is an essential premise for local-scale forest management practices. We evaluated the effects of topographic variables and forest attributes on soil fertility along a local topographical gradient in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We hypothesised that soil fertility is positively affected by topographic variability and forest attributes (structure and diversity). We used tree species richness, composition, abundance, and aboveground biomass as forest attributes. We analysed two 1-ha forest patches with contrasting topographical conditions. We used different linear mixed effects models (LMMs) to test the main effects of different forest attributes and topography variables on soil fertility. Results The results showed that higher topographic variability determines soil fertility along a fine-scale gradient. The first two axes of the PCA explained 66.8% of the variation in soil data, with the first axis (PCA1) explaining 49.6% of the variation in soil data and positively correlating with fertility-related soil properties. The second axis (PCA2) explained 17.2% of the variation in topographical data and positively correlated with convexity (the elevation of a plot minus the average elevation of all immediate neighbour plots) and elevation. Our best models showed that topographic variables (elevation and convexity) are the main predictors that affect fine-scale soil fertility. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the topographic variability, mainly elevation and convexity, determines fine-scale soil fertility in an Atlantic Forest. These results advance our understanding that context-dependent conditions based on topography and soil properties have a high variability at a fine scale, which can influence variations in forest attributes (i.e., species distribution, diversity and structure of tree communities). In addition, the information generated in this research may be important for planning forest restoration activities (passive and active) based on the high variability of environmental variables at a fine scale.

scholarly journals Co-occurring grassland species vary in their responses to fine-scale soil heterogeneity

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1012-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riin Tamme ◽  
Antonio Gazol ◽  
Jodi N. Price ◽  
Inga Hiiesalu ◽  
Meelis Pärtel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Grassland Species

High Resolution Stereography of Complementary Freeze-Fracture Replicas Reveals the Presence of Depressions Opposite Membrane Associated Particles of Split Membranes

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 442-443
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Acid Cleaning ◽  
Cleaning Solution

Complementary replicas have revealed the fact that the two common faces observed in electron micrographs of freeze-fracture and freeze-etch specimens are complementary to each other and are thus the new faces of a split membrane rather than the original inner and outer surfaces (1, 2 and personal observations). The big question raised by published electron micrographs is why do we not see depressions in the complementary face opposite membrane-associated particles? Reports have appeared indicating that some depressions do appear but complementarity on such a fine scale has yet to be shown.Dog cardiac muscle was perfused with glutaraldehyde, washed in distilled water, then transferred to 30% glycerol (material furnished by Dr. Joaquim Sommer, Duke Univ., and VA Hospital, Durham, N.C.). Small strips were freeze-fractured in a Denton Vacuum DFE-2 Freeze-Etch Unit with complementary replica tooling. Replicas were cleaned in chromic acid cleaning solution, then washed in 4 changes of distilled water and mounted on opposite sides of the center wire of a Formvar-coated grid.

Fine-scale temporal study of the influence of hydrobiological conditions on the spawning of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

2016 ◽  
Vol 550 ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Zhadan ◽  
MA Vaschenko ◽  
VB Lobanov ◽  
AF Sergeev ◽  
SA Kotova
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Temporal Study

Fine-scale taxonomic and temporal variability in the energy density of invertebrate prey of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
J Weil ◽  
WDP Duguid ◽  
F Juanes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Variation in the energy content of prey can drive the diet choice, growth and ultimate survival of consumers. In Pacific salmon species, obtaining sufficient energy for rapid growth during early marine residence is hypothesized to reduce the risk of size-selective mortality. In order to determine the energetic benefit of feeding choices for individuals, accurate estimates of energy density (ED) across prey groups are required. Frequently, a single species is assumed to be representative of a larger taxonomic group or related species. Further, single-point estimates are often assumed to be representative of a group across seasons, despite temporal variability. To test the validity of these practices, we sampled zooplankton prey of juvenile Chinook salmon to investigate fine-scale taxonomic and temporal differences in ED. Using a recently developed model to estimate the ED of organisms using percent ash-free dry weight, we compared energy content of several groups that are typically grouped together in growth studies. Decapod megalopae were more energy rich than zoeae and showed family-level variability in ED. Amphipods showed significant species-level variability in ED. Temporal differences were observed, but patterns were not consistent among groups. Bioenergetic model simulations showed that growth rate of juvenile Chinook salmon was almost identical when prey ED values were calculated on a fine scale or on a taxon-averaged coarse scale. However, single-species representative calculations of prey ED yielded highly variable output in growth depending on the representative species used. These results suggest that the latter approach may yield significantly biased results.

Fine-scale habitat partitioning facilitates sympatry between two octopus species in a shallow Florida lagoon

2019 ◽  
Vol 609 ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
CO Bennice ◽  
AP Rayburn ◽  
WR Brooks ◽  
RT Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Partitioning ◽  
Fine Scale
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