Co‐infection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus enhances the disease severity in piglets

Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a highly contagious and devastating enteric disease of pigs caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family. The disease is clinically similar to other forms of porcine gastroenteritis. Pigs are the only known host of the disease, and the occurrence of PED in wild boars is unknown. The virus causes acute diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in suckling piglets reaching 100%. Heavy economic losses in the pig-farming industry were sustained in the USA between 2013 and 2015 when PEDV spread very quickly and resulted in epidemics. The loss in the US pig industry has been estimated at almost seven million pigs. The purpose of this review is a description of the current status of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in European pigs and the risk presented by the introduction of PEDV to Poland in comparison to the epidemics in the USA.

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Molecular characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in Poland reveals the presence of swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) sequence in S gene

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0258318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. e0258318

Author(s):

Marta Antas ◽

Monika Olech ◽

Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Antigenic Analysis ◽

S Gene ◽

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Diarrhoea Virus

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a highly contagious enteric viral disease of pigs with a high morbidity and mortality rate, which ultimately results in huge economic losses in the pig production sector. The etiological agent of this disease is the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) which is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA virus. The aim of this study was to perform molecular characterization of PEDV to identify the strains circulating in Poland. In this study, 662 faecal samples from 2015 to 2021 were tested with reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and the results showed that 3.8% of the tested samples revealed a positive result for PEDV. A phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome and complete S gene sequences showed that Polish PEDV strains belonged to the G1b (S-INDEL) subgroup and were closely related to the European PEDV strains isolated from 2014 to 2019. Furthermore, RDP4 analysis revealed that the Polish PEDV strains harboured a recombinant fragment of ~400 nt in the 5’ end of S gene with PEDV and swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) being the major and minor parents, respectively. Antigenic analysis showed that the aa sequences of neutralizing epitopes were conserved among the Polish PEDV strains. Only one strain, #0100/5P, had a unique substitution in the COE epitope. However, Polish PEDV strains showed several substitutions, especially in the COE antigen, as compared to the classical strain CV777. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the molecular characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strains, as well as the first phylogenetic analysis for PEDV in Poland.

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A reply to “A comment on “Inter-laboratory study to characterize the detection of serum antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus””

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 224 ◽

pp. 118

Author(s):

Graham J. Belsham ◽

Anette Bøtner

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Study ◽

Serum Antibodies ◽

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Diarrhoea Virus

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Frequency of diarrhoea-associated viruses in swine of various ages in Hungary

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/004.2019.016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 140-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anna Valkó ◽

András Marosi ◽

Attila Cságola ◽

Rózsa Farkas ◽

Zsuzsanna Rónai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Pork Production ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Significant Difference

Enteric viral diseases of swine are one of the most frequent disorders causing huge economic losses in pork production. After the reappearance of an emerging enteropathogen, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in Hungary in 2016, an extensive survey was initiated in an attempt to identify diarrhoea-related porcine viruses, including adeno-, astro-, boca-, calici-, circo-, corona-, kobu-, rota- and Torque teno viruses. A total of 384 faecal samples collected during a twoyear period from diarrhoeic and asymptomatic pigs of various ages in 17 farms were screened by conventional and real-time PCR methods. Half of the samples contained at least one examined virus with the dominance of kobuvirus (55.1%) followed by bocaviruses (33.2%) and rotavirus groups A and C together (20.9%), while coronaviruses including PEDV were not found in this set of samples. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the frequency of single infections compared to mixed ones with the exception of weaned pigs, in which group additionally most viruses were detected. The results of this study suggest that the complexity of this disease may vary with age, which makes the prevention of diarrhoea a challenge, especially in weaned pigs.

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High levels of unreported intraspecific diversity among RNA viruses in faeces of neonatal piglets with diarrhoea

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-019-2204-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martí Cortey ◽

Ivan Díaz ◽

Anna Vidal ◽

Gerard Martín-Valls ◽

Giovanni Franzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Life ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Intraspecific Diversity ◽

Virus Species ◽

Neonatal Piglets ◽

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Diarrhoea Virus ◽

High Level ◽

Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽

Generation Sequencing

Abstract Background Diarrhoea is a major cause of death in neonate pigs and most of the viruses that cause it are RNA viruses. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) deeply characterize the genetic diversity among rapidly mutating virus populations at the interspecific as well as the intraspecific level. The diversity of RNA viruses present in faeces of neonatal piglets suffering from diarrhoea in 47 farms, plus 4 samples from non-diarrhoeic piglets has been evaluated by NGS. Samples were selected among the cases submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories of Infectious Diseases of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain) and Universidad de León (León, Spain). Results The analyses identified the presence of 12 virus species corresponding to 8 genera of RNA viruses. Most samples were co-infected by several viruses. Kobuvirus and Rotavirus were more commonly reported, with Sapovirus, Astrovirus 3, 4 and 5, Enterovirus G, Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, Pasivirus and Posavirus being less frequently detected. Most sequences showed a low identity with the sequences deposited in GenBank, allowing us to propose several new VP4 and VP7 genotypes for Rotavirus B and Rotavirus C. Conclusions Among the cases analysed, Rotaviruses were the main aetiological agents of diarrhoea in neonate pigs. Besides, in a small number of cases Kobuvirus and Sapovirus may also have an aetiological role. Even most animals were co-infected in early life, the association with enteric disease among the other examined viruses was unclear. The NGS method applied successfully characterized the RNA virome present in faeces and detected a high level of unreported intraspecific diversity.

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