Secondary endings of muscle spindles: Structure, reflex action, role in motor control and proprioception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W Banks ◽  
PH Ellaway ◽  
Arthur Prochazka ◽  
Uwe Proske
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Reflex Action

Reflex action in the context of motor control

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Richard Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Reflex Action

Sensory Reinnervation of Muscles Following Nerve Section and Suture in Cats

1985 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-344
Author(s):  
R. W. BANKS ◽  
D. BARKER ◽  
H. G. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Common Peroneal Nerve ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Sensory Impairment ◽  
Normal Muscle ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Reflex Action ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sensory Reinnervation ◽  
Tendon Organ

The common peroneal nerve was transected and repaired by epineurial suture in nine cats. In a further nine the nerve was transected twice and similarly repaired so as to produce a short autograft. Recovery of stretch receptors in peroneus brevis was monitored histologically and physiologically from six to fifty weeks. In recovery after single neurotomy functionally identifiable muscle-spindle and tendon-organ afferents were reduced to 25% and 45% of normal, respectively; after double neurotomy (autograft) both were reduced to about 10% of normal. Muscle spindles were reinnervated with annulospiral terminals, or wholly abnormal fine axon terminals, or both. Recovery evidently entails not only a reduction in number of stretch afferents, but also the making of some incorrect reconnections that presumably result in abnormal proprioceptive feedback and reflex action. When a graft is used the sensory impairment is compounded.

Muscle Spindles and Their Motor Control

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Muscle Spindles

The role of muscle spindles in constraining motor control

2002 ◽  
Vol 44-46 ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn Gilbert Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Muscle Spindles

The Mammalian Muscle Spindle

Physiology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Proske
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Muscle Spindle ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Mammalian Muscle ◽  
Intrafusal Fibers ◽  
Sensory Endings

A brief, summarizing description is given of the structure and physiology of the mammalian muscle spindle. The question is addressed, What might be the roles of the three different kinds of intrafusal fibers on which the sensory endings lie? The role of muscle spindles in proprioception and in motor control is discussed.

Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bizzi ◽  
P. Dev ◽  
P. Morasso ◽  
A. Polit
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Afferent Loop ◽  
Reflex Action ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Head Neck ◽  
Neck Musculature

1. We have investigated the relative contributions of mechanical and reflex mechanisms in generating the forces produced by the neck muscles when loads were unexpectedly applied during centrally programmed head movements in monkeys. These movements, subserved by muscles well endowed with muscle spindles, are part of the coordinated eye-head response to the appearance of a stimulus in the animal's visual field. Our preparation was a chronically vestibulectomized monkey trained to make a visual discrimination. 2. Two procedures were used to evaluate the torque generated by the neck musculature when an unexpected load disturbance was applied: first, by surgically interrupting the afferent loop subserving the reflex action (section of cervical dorsal roots) and second, by building a mathematical model of the head-neck system and carrying out a process of simulation. 3. Our results indicated that the compensatory torque of reflex origin stimulated by the application of an opposing force was less than 10--30% of that required for perfect compensation, and the larger fraction of the observed compensation was due to the mechanical properties (inertial, viscous, and elastic) of the neck musculature. The combined action of reflex and mechanical processes never completely compensated for the disturbance.

Physiologic Studies Provide New Perspectives on Early Speech Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Erin M. Wilson ◽  
Ignatius S. B. Nip
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Facial Motion ◽  
Disordered Speech ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Physiologic Data

Abstract Although certain speech development milestones are readily observable, the developmental course of speech motor control is largely unknown. However, recent advances in facial motion tracking systems have been used to investigate articulator movements in children and the findings from these studies are being used to further our understanding of the physiologic basis of typical and disordered speech development. Physiologic work has revealed that the emergence of speech is highly dependent on the lack of flexibility in the early oromotor system. It also has been determined that the progression of speech motor development is non-linear, a finding that has motivated researchers to investigate how variables such as oromotor control, cognition, and linguistic factors affect speech development in the form of catalysts and constraints. Physiologic data are also being used to determine if non-speech oromotor behaviors play a role in the development of speech. This improved understanding of the physiology underlying speech, as well as the factors influencing its progression, helps inform our understanding of speech motor control in children with disordered speech and provide a framework for theory-driven therapeutic approaches to treatment.

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