CLINICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL FEATURES OF APPLICATION WITH AN OVERVIEW OF EXTENDING COUNTRIES ON THE MARKET AND MUCOLYTIC DRUGS

One of the pathogenic mechanisms of the development of cough is the formation of viscous sputum difficult to separate. Against the background of a pathological process in the lungs, there is a disruption in the work of muco- ciliary clearance and peristalsis of the bronchi, and in the mucous secretion of the respiratory tract, the ratio of ions dissolved in water and macromolecular compounds is disturbed, which leads to an increase in viscosity, a decrease in the rheological properties of sputum. In connection with this, not only the drainage function of the bronchi is disrupted, but also local immune processes, which also contributes to an increase in the adhesion of infectious agents. In this case, the rational use of expectorant drugs as part of the complex therapy contributes not only to reducing the duration of the disease, but also prevents the formation of chronic diseases of the respiratory system. The article discusses the pathogenetic mechanisms of the onset of cough, the classification of expectorant drugs, which includes various pharmacological classes of drugs, with fundamentally different effects. The mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, as well as clinical and pharmacological features of the use of drugs stimulating expectoration of resorptive, reflex action, mucolytics of synthetic origin, enzyme, mucoregulators, combined drugs available on our market are described, recommendations are given on their use in clinical practice.

Concept of Grip Assistive Braking on Four Wheelers

Braking systems in all the segments of vehicles seems to be one of the most crucial developing systems. Many research and developments are carried out in terms of braking of a vehicle in order to enhance the braking efficiency and reduction in stopping distance. This article depicts the concept of assistive braking on four wheelers where we elaborately describe the Braking distance, Thinking distance and Stopping distance after which our concept of braking is proposed with all the technical aspects along with the various components and its efficiency in our real time use. This research article mainly focuses on technical aspects that aim to reduce the reaction time and reflex actions of the driver which in turn is used as a factor to reduce the stopping distance of the vehicle. Various types of biological reactions by a human are observed and then a particular muscular reaction is chosen as a source of intimation for our braking system. When an object is spotted by the driver, the reflex action takes place via a receptor, sensory neurons, spinal cord and from where the muscular reaction takes place. A unique steering with an array of grip sensors is designed and incorporated also with various functions of the vehicle but for this instance, we mainly focus on braking assistance of the vehicle. Thus the unique steering wheel plays the role of connection between vehicle and the driver.

Awareness about the effect of stress on muscles among undergraduate students

Stress affects the body in many ways and causes various damages to the body. Some of the effects include headache, heart problems, fatigue, reduced memory, asthma and insomnia. When the body is stressed, muscles tense up as a reflex action to protect the body against injury. Chronic stress will cause the muscles in the body to be in a state of constant and leads to stiffness of muscles. This causes muscle pain. The aim of this study is to analyze the awareness level about the effect of stress on muscles in undergraduate students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate students to evaluate the awareness about the effect of stress on muscles. The study population in the study are undergraduate students with a sample size of 100. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions and was shared to undergraduate students using the online survey platform. The results were obtained and statistically analyzed through SPSS software. 82% of the participants said that they had experienced muscle pain, and the remaining 18% have not experienced muscle pain. 40% of the participants get headaches when stressed, 30% do not, and the other 30% sometimes get headaches when stressed. From the results obtained, we can conclude that a moderate level of awareness is seen in undergraduate students about the effect of stress on muscles. More awareness is required among students.

The Scientific Foundation of Disordered Mood

This chapter maps how early nineteenth-century experimental physiology provided a biological foundation for mental disorders in which no visible changes to brain tissue could be found. It charts the emergence of ‘psychological reflex action’, a key concept that facilitated a view of emotion as automated and involuntary, and thus prone to malfunction. The chapter follows the trajectory of psychological reflexion from internal scientific medicine to what became known as ‘physiological psychology’, where it provided mid-century British writers with the tools to create a biomedical framework for the phenomenon of disordered mood. The chapter ends by looking at how physiological psychology was gradually taken up by mid-century asylum physicians writing on mental disease.

Melancholia and the New Biological Psychiatry

This chapter centres on the development of a neurophysiological model of melancholia, which emerged within the new academic psychiatry in the German states at mid-century, and was taken up into British literature in the 1860s and 70s. It considers Wilhem Griesinger’s model of psychological reflex action, which he used to explain the aetiology of mental disorders. Building on Griesinger’s model, Richard von Krafft-Ebing in Germany and Henry Maudsley in Britain offered two of the period’s most comprehensive descriptions of melancholia as a modern biomedical mood disorder. Finally the new neurophysiological model of melancholia is considered in relation to neurasthenia, a fashionable diagnosis in the United States in the last quarter of the century.