scholarly journals Responses of single units in the inferior olive to stimulation of the limb nerves, peripheral skin receptors, cerebellum, caudate nucleus and motor cortex

1967 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Sedgwick ◽  
T. D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Skin Receptors ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Deactivation of Distant Pain-Related Regions Induced by 20-day rTMS: A Case Study of Oneweek Pain Relief for Long-Term Intractable Deafferentation Pain

2014 ◽  
Vol 17;1 (1;17) ◽  
pp. E99-E105
Author(s):  
Wen-Dong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
Deafferentation Pain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Deafferentation pain secondary to brachial plexus avulsion, spinal cord injury, and other peripheral nerve injuries is often refractory to conventional treatments. Stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) has been proven to be an effective treatment for intractable deafferentation pain. The mechanisms underlying the attenuation of deafferentation pain by motor cortex stimulation remain hypothetical. Objectives: The purpose of this case report is to: (1) summarize a case in which a patient suffering chronic intractable deafferentation pain for 25 years underwent rTMS treatment over M1, (2) describe the evidence from PET imaging, and (3) reveal a possible relief mechanism with cortical plasticity. Study design: Case report. Setting: University hospital. Results: This patient had successful pain control with no transient or lasting side effects. The pain relief remained stable for at least one week. At the end of the 20-day procedure, pain relief was obtained according to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (-34.6%) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) (-31.6%). In the PET/CT scans, the glucose metabolism was significantly reduced contralaterally to the pain side in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, and caudate nucleus. There was no statistically significant difference in any other cortical area. Limitations: Single case of a patient with long-term intractable deafferentation pain having a PET study. Conclusion: This study implies that a single session of 20 Hz rTMS over the motor cortex could reduce the pain level in patients suffering from long-term, intractable deafferentation pain. The stimulation of the M1 induces deactivation in the ACC, insula, and caudate nucleus. The changes in these pain-related regions may mirror an adaptive mechanism to pain relief after rTMS treatment. Key words: Neuropathic pain management, deafferentation pain, transcranial magnetic stimulation, motor cortex stimulation, cortical plasticity, positron emission tomography

Paper 22: Experimental Studies on the Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Movement

1968 ◽  
Vol 183 (10) ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
E. M. Sedgwick
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Influence Activity

When the basal ganglia are damaged by disease processes in man, various disorders of movement occur. In order to control movement the basal ganglia must have a sensory input and in the absence of direct connections to motoneurones or motor cortex they must act through intermediate structures. The experiments, on cats, demonstrate: (1) which sensory inputs reach the caudate nucleus and how they influence activity of the neurones there; (2) the effect of the output from the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus on the neurones of the inferior olive and reticular formation. The results are discussed with respect to the control of movement.

Magnetic stimulation of motor cortex during response preparation

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Osman ◽  
Thierry Hasbroucq ◽  
Camille Possamai ◽  
Boris Burle
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Responses of single units in cerebellar vermis of the cat to monaural and binaural stimuli

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Aitkin ◽  
J. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Cochlear Nucleus ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Intensity Difference ◽  
Cerebellar Neurons ◽  
Monaural Stimulation ◽  
Sustained Responses ◽  
Maximal Discharge ◽  
Onset Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

The responses of 146 cerebellar neurons to tone stimuli were studied in 29 cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethan and in 7 decerebrate preparations. Units were classified as onset or sustained firing. Onset spikes occurred on stimulation of either ear and showed binaural facilitation, while sustained discharges were frequently only excited by monaural stimulation. The latent periods of sustained discharges appeared to be shorter than those of onset responses, and sustained discharges were also more sharply tuned than the onset units. Evidence was presented suggesting that onset responses reflected input from the inferior colliculus and sustained responses, the cochlear nucleus. The sterotyped facilitatory behavior of onset units suggested that a maximal discharge might occur if sounds were of equal intensity at each ear; 26 neurons were examined with variable interaural time or intensity differences and 10 of these exhibited maximal firing when the interaural time and intensity difference was zero--i.e., if the sound was located directly in front of the head.

Multifocal Noninvasive Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex in Type 1 Myotonic Dystrophy –A Proof of Concept Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ericka Greene ◽  
Jason Thonhoff ◽  
Blessy S. John ◽  
David B. Rosenfield ◽  
Santosh A. Helekar
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Myotonic Dystrophy ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Compound Muscle Action Potential ◽  
Sham Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Repeated neuromuscular electrical stimulation in type 1 Myotonic Dystrophy (DM1) has previously been shown to cause an increase in strength and a decrease in hyperexcitability of the tibialis anterior muscle. Objective: In this proof-of-principle study our objective was to test the hypothesis that noninvasive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) with a new portable wearable multifocal stimulator causes improvement in muscle function in DM1 patients. Methods: We performed repetitive stimulation of M1, localized by magnetic resonance imaging, with a newly developed Transcranial Rotating Permanent Magnet Stimulator (TRPMS). Using a randomized within-patient placebo-controlled double-blind TRPMS protocol, we performed unilateral active stimulation along with contralateral sham stimulation every weekday for two weeks in 6 adults. Methods for evaluation of muscle function involved electromyography (EMG), hand dynamometry and clinical assessment using the Medical Research Council scale. Results: All participants tolerated the treatment well. While there were no significant changes clinically, EMG showed significant improvement in nerve stimulus-evoked compound muscle action potential amplitude of the first dorsal interosseous muscle and a similar but non-significant trend in the trapezius muscle, after a short exercise test, with active but not sham stimulation. Conclusions: We conclude that two-week repeated multifocal cortical stimulation with a new wearable transcranial magnetic stimulator can be safely conducted in DM1 patients to investigate potential improvement of muscle strength and activity. The results obtained, if confirmed and extended by future safety and efficacy trials with larger patient samples, could offer a potential supportive TRPMS treatment in DM1.

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