The Use of Ground-Coupled Tanks in Solar-Assisted Heat-Pump Systems

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Metz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Research Program ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Weekly Schedule ◽  
Storage Element ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
In Series ◽  
Carry Over

A research program at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has studied ground coupling, i.e., the use of the earth as a heat source/sink or storage element, for solar-assisted heat-pump systems. As part of this research program, four buried tank experiments were operated between December 1978 and March 1981 in order to determine the feasibility of ground-coupled tanks in these systems. Heat was added to or removed from the tanks according to a weekly schedule derived from computer simulations of solar heat-pump systems in the local (New York) climate. Each tank was operated according to a different control strategy. This paper presents experimental results from these tank experiments for this period, and compares these results to those generated by a computer model, GROCS, developed at BNL. The model is found to be valid, for the most part, using undisturbed soil thermal properties which provide the best fit to the data most of the time. Its results are very sensitive to soil thermal conductivity during periods of large heat addition to the tanks. A ground coupled tank is found to be desirable in series solar-assisted heat-pump systems. However, no important carry-over of summer-collected heat to winter was observed.

The Use of Serpentine Earth Coils in Ground Coupled Heat Pump Systems

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-446
Author(s):  
P. D. Metz
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Heat Rejection ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Soil Thermal Properties ◽  
Coil Performance ◽  
Ground Coupled Heat Pump

A research program at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has studied ground coupling, i.e., the use of the earth as a heat source/sink or storage medium for solar-assisted and stand-alone heat pump systems. As part of this research program, five serpentine earth coil experiments were operated between December 1978 and September 1981. Heat was added to or removed from the earth coils according to weekly schedules based on computer simulations of solar-assisted and stand-alone, ground-coupled heat pump systems operated in the local (New York) climate. Each earth coil was operated according to a different control strategy. This paper presents experimental results from these experiments for the period December 1978 to April 1981, and compares these results to those generated by a comptuer model, GROCS, developed at BNL. The model is found to provide a reasonably good fit to the data, for the most part, using the experimental undisturbed soil thermal properties. In some cases, the use of a lower soil thermal conductivity provides a better fit, particularly during summer months when heat was added to the ground. Thus, given soil properties, GROCS can be used to predict earth coil performance. If given earth coil performance, the model can predict soil thermal properties. Serpentine earth coils are found to be suitable to provide auxiliary heat or heat rejection for solar heat pump systems. In fact, earth coil-based, stand-alone, ground-coupled heat pump systems can provide all heat needed for winter space heating and all heat rejection required for summer space cooling with no need for any auxiliary heating. Subfreezing winter operation is necessary for shallow earth coils in cold climates. No deleterious effects to the ground were observed from the long-term operation of these experiments.

Diffraction and photon exchange processes at the LHC and parton saturation

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (08) ◽  
pp. 2030004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Royon ◽  
Cristian Baldenegro
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Forward Physics ◽  
Proton Antiproton ◽  
Proton Proton ◽  
Proton Structure ◽  
Exchange Processes

We present a review of the recent theoretical and experimental developments related to the field of diffraction, parton saturation, and forward physics. We first discuss our present understanding of the proton structure in terms of quarks and gluons, the degrees of freedom of quantum chromodynamics. We then focus on some of the main results on diffraction at the HERA electron–proton collider in DESY, Germany, at the Tevatron proton–antiproton collider at Fermilab, Batavia, US, and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) proton–proton and nucleus–nucleus collider, which is located in Geneva, Switzerland. We also present a selected amount of results on diffraction and photon exchanges that can be done at the LHC experiments and at a future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) to be built in the US at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York.

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