Loss Coefficients in Laminar Flows: Indispensable for the Design of Micro Flow Systems

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Herwig ◽  
B. Schmandt ◽  
M.-F. Uth
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Laminar Flows ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Second Law Analysis ◽  
Micro Flow ◽  
Loss Coefficients

The concept of head loss coefficients K for the determination of losses in conduit components is discussed in detail. While so far it has mainly been applied to fully turbulent flows it is extended here to also cover the laminar flow regime. Specific numbers of K can be determined by integration of the entropy generation field (second law analysis) obtained from a numerical simulation. This general approach is discussed and illustrated for various conduit components.

Determination of Loss Coefficients for Micro-Flow Devices: A Method Based on the Second Law Analysis (SLA)

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-C. Zhang ◽  
B. Schmandt ◽  
H. Herwig
Keyword(s):  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Second Law Analysis ◽  
Micro Flow ◽  
Loss Coefficients ◽  
Flow Devices

The concept of head loss coefficients K for the determination of losses in conduit components is discussed in detail. While so far it has only been applied to fully turbulent flows it is extended here to also cover the laminar flow regime. Specific numbers of K can be determined by integration of the entropy production field (second law analysis). This general approach is discussed and illustrated with the specific example of a conical diffusor.

A Standard Method to Determine Loss Coefficients of Conduit Components Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Schmandt ◽  
Heinz Herwig
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Entropy Generation Rate ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Gear Pump ◽  
Loss Coefficients

Losses in conduit components of a pipe system can be accounted for by using component specific loss coefficients K. Especially in mini- and micro-systems an exact knowledge of these loss coefficients (which in laminar flow strongly depend on the Reynolds number) is important. Limited space will generally lead to a high loss-contribution of single components compared to the contribution of the straight channels. The determination of K-values of single components based on a numerical simulation using the Second Law Analysis (SLA) has turned out to be a very attractive method. The simulation of the flow field shows the distribution of losses and upstream and downstream lengths of impact (Lu, Ld) where the otherwise fully developed flow is affected by the component. The numerical SLA-Method is introduced as a standard method, illustrated and validated with highly accurate measurements in a 90 deg bend with a square cross section. The local entropy generation rates based on the numerical simulation of the flow field are computed and carefully interpreted. Component specific values of K, Lu are Ld are collected in a table and illustrated by plots of the entropy generation rate distribution along the bend’s centerline. Validation is achieved with experimental results from a test facility exclusively built for this purpose: Laminar flow in a 90 deg bend is induced by a controlled gear pump with polydimethylsiloxanes of different viscosities as working fluids.

Second Law Analysis of Condensing Steam Flows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Grübel ◽  
Markus Schatz ◽  
Damian M. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Entropy Production ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Second Law Analysis ◽  
Aerodynamic Losses

A numerical second law analysis is performed to determine the entropy production due to irreversibilities in condensing steam flows. In the present work the classical approach to calculate entropy production rates in turbulent flows based on velocity and temperature gradients is extended to two-phase condensing flows modeled within an Eulerian-Eulerian framework. This requires some modifications of the general approach and the inclusion of additional models to account for thermodynamic and kinematic relaxation processes. With this approach, the entropy production within each mesh element is obtained. In addition to the quantification of thermodynamic and kinematic wetness losses, a breakdown of aerodynamic losses is possible to allow for a detailed loss analysis. The aerodynamic losses are classified into wake mixing, boundary layer and shock losses. The application of the method is demonstrated by means of the flow through a well known steam turbine cascade test case. Predicted variations of loss coefficients for different operating conditions can be confirmed by experimental observations. For the investigated test cases, the thermodynamic relaxation contributes the most to the total losses and the losses due to droplet inertia are only of minor importance. The variation of the predicted aerodynamic losses for different operating conditions is as expected and demonstrates the suitability of the approach.

scholarly journals Evaluación de irreversibilidades en un sistema de refrigeración por absorción amoniaco-agua empleando tres modelos matemáticos diferentes para calcular las propiedades termodinámicas

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Vera-Romero ◽  
Christopher Lionel Heard-Wade
Keyword(s):  
Individual Component ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Absorption Refrigeration ◽  
Second Law Analysis ◽  
Exergy Analyses

Second Law or Exergy Analyses of Absorption Refrigeration Systems (ARS) are very important for optimisations based on available work; these analyses are derived from the operating conditions and property calculations. There are several methods available for calculating the thermodynamic properties used in modelling these systems. A thermodynamic study on an ARS with the ammonia-water mixture (base case) was carried out with the objective of analysing the sensitivity of the overall and individual component irreversibility to the thermodynamic property. To this end, three existing methods were used: (M1), a model proposed by Ibrahim and Klein (1993) and used in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) commercial software; (M2), a model proposed by Tillner-Roth and Friend (1998) and embodied in REFPROP v.8.0 developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); and (M3), a method proposed by Xu and Goswami (1999) that was programmed for this analysis. The obtained differences in the properties and the first law performance of the ARS are insignificant in the determination of the coefficient of performance (COP) (base case: 0.595, M1: 0.596, M2: 0.594, M3: 0.599). For the second law analysis, the overall irreversibility was the same (123.339kW) despite the irreversibilities per component had important differences: the solution heat exchanger (M1: 5.783kW, M2: 6.122kW, M3: 8.701kW), the desorber (generator) (M1: 51.302kW, M2: 45.713kW, M3: 49.098kW) and the rectifier (M1: 0.766kW, M2: 3.565kW, M3: 0.427kW). The components that destroy exergy the most are the desorber, the absorber and the condenser.

Second Law Analysis of Condensing Steam Flows

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Grübel ◽  
Markus Schatz ◽  
Damian M. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Entropy Production ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Second Law Analysis ◽  
Aerodynamic Losses

A numerical second law analysis is performed to determine the entropy production due to irreversibilities in condensing steam flows. In the present work, the classical approach to calculate entropy production rates in turbulent flows based on velocity and temperature gradients is extended to two-phase condensing flows modeled within an Eulerian–Eulerian framework. This requires some modifications of the general approach and the inclusion of additional models to account for thermodynamic and kinematic relaxation processes. With this approach, the entropy production within each mesh element is obtained. In addition to the quantification of thermodynamic and kinematic wetness losses, a breakdown of aerodynamic losses is possible to allow for a detailed loss analysis. The aerodynamic losses are classified into wake mixing, boundary layer, and shock losses. The application of the method is demonstrated by means of the flow through a well-known steam turbine cascade test case. Predicted variations of loss coefficients for different operating conditions can be confirmed by experimental observations. For the investigated test cases, the thermodynamic relaxation contributes the most to the total losses and the losses due to droplet inertia are only of minor importance. The variation of the predicted aerodynamic losses for different operating conditions is as expected and demonstrates the suitability of the approach.

scholarly journals Determination of the Real Loss of Power for a Condensing and a Backpressure Turbine by Means of Second Law Analysis

Entropy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 702-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Holmberg ◽  
Pekka Ruohonen ◽  
Pekka Ahtila
Keyword(s):  
Second Law ◽  
The Real ◽  
Second Law Analysis ◽  
Backpressure Turbine
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