Effect of Water Injection on Emission Characteristics of a Turbocharged Diesel Engine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Sullerey ◽  
Ankur Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Direct Water Injection ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Humidified Air

The diesel engine is a very common source of small-scale power generation. While diesel engines are efficient with low carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions, they have high nitrous oxide emissions. One approach to reduce the formation of nitrous oxides is by introducing water in the diesel engine system. The present paper is a study of effects on performance of direct water injection in the cylinder during the compression stroke and humidifying air prior to its entry to the engine by use of suitable models for various processes. It is observed that nitrous oxide concentrations are substantially reduced by both direct water injection as well as by use of humidified air. Use of humid air however also increases the power output of the engine with a minor loss in efficiency.

Significant NOx Reductions with Direct Water Injection into the Sub-Chamber of an IDI Diesel Engine

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noboru Miyamoto ◽  
Hideyuki Ogawa ◽  
Jianxin Wang ◽  
Hiroshi Ohashi
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Direct Water Injection

scholarly journals Factors controlling nitrous oxide emissions from managed northern peat soils with low carbon to nitrogen ratio

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarit Liimatainen ◽  
Carolina Voigt ◽  
Pertti J. Martikainen ◽  
Jyrki Hytönen ◽  
Kristiina Regina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Carbon To Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

scholarly journals The use of agricultural soils as a source of nitrous oxide emission in selected communes of Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Paweł Wiśniewski ◽  
Mariusz Kistowski
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Carbon Economy

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the main greenhouse gases, with a nearly 300 times greater potential to produce a greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost 80% of the annual emissions of this gas in Poland come from agriculture, and its main source is the use of agricultural soils. The study attempted to estimate the N2O emission from agricultural soils and to indicate its share in the total greenhouse gas emissions in 48 Polish communes. For this purpose, a simplified solution has been proposed which can be successfully applied by local government areas in order to assess nitrous oxide emissions, as well as to monitor the impact of actions undertaken to limit them. The estimated emission was compared with the results of the baseline greenhouse gas inventory prepared for the needs of the low-carbon economy plans adopted by the studied self-governments. This allowed us to determine the share of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the total greenhouse gas emissions of the studied communes. The annual N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the studied communes range from 1.21 Mg N2O-N to 93.28 Mg N2O-N, and the cultivation of organic soils is its main source. The use of mineral and natural fertilisers, as well as indirect emissions from nitrogen leaching into groundwater and surface waters, are also significant. The results confirm the need to include greenhouse gas emissions from the use of agricultural soils and other agricultural sources in low-carbon economy plans.

Nitrous oxide emissions from small-scale farmland features of UK livestock farming systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 136 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Matthews ◽  
D.R. Chadwick ◽  
A.L. Retter ◽  
M.S.A. Blackwell ◽  
S. Yamulki
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Livestock Farming Systems

scholarly journals Water Mixing Combustion for Low NOx Diesel Engine. Direct Water Injection and Effects on Cylinder Lubrication.

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (590) ◽  
pp. 3548-3553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keijiro Tayama ◽  
Yozo Tosa ◽  
Yoshinori Nagae ◽  
Akira Ura ◽  
Masahiro Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Water Mixing ◽  
Direct Water Injection

The measurement of nitrous oxide emissions from soil by using chambers

1995 ◽  
Vol 351 (1696) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Closed Chambers

Small flux chambers are widely used to measure emissions of nitrous oxide, N 2 O , from soil, the gas being determined by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. The technique is relatively cheap, and is adaptable to a wide range of site conditions and emission rates: from the order of 1 µg m -2 h -1 to more than 10 mg m -2 h -1 . Increasingly, systems are being automated, to get more information on short-term temporal variability and to collect data over long periods to improve estimates of total annual emissions. Such systems are being used in the field and with soil monoliths installed in a greenhouse. Large chambers 50-60 m 2 in area, with gas analysis by long-path infrared spectrometry, offer a way of overcoming small-scale spatial variability, and are useful in conditions where micrometeorological methods may not be applicable, or when long runs of data are needed from the same site. In studies with small closed chambers, we have measured N 2 0 emissions from grassland ranging from negligible values to about 4 mg N 2 O -N m -2 h -1 (nearly 1 kg N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 ), with total losses in the range 0.14-5.1% of the nitrogen applied as fertilizer, depending on factors such as soil structure, water potential and temperature, and the chemical form of the fertilizer. Reasonable agreement can be obtained between chamber and micrometeorological flux measurements on homogeneous sites.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions from a beech forest floor measured by eddy covariance and soil enclosure techniques

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pihlatie ◽  
J. Rinne ◽  
P. Ambus ◽  
K. Pilegaard ◽  
J. R. Dorsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Trunk Space

Abstract. Spring time nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from an old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest were measured with eddy covariance (EC) and chamber techniques. The aim was to obtain information on the spatial and temporal variability in N2O emissions and link the emissions to soil environmental parameters. Mean N2O fluxes over the five week measurement period were 5.6±1.1, 10±1 and 16±11 μg N m−2 h−1 from EC, automatic chamber and manual chambers, respectively. High temporal variability characterized the EC fluxes in the trunk-space. To reduce this variability, resulting mostly from random uncertainty due to measuring fluxes close to the detection limit, we averaged the fluxes over one day periods. The variability in the chamber measurements was much smaller and dominated by high small scale spatial variability. The highest emissions measured by the EC method occurred during the first week of May when the trees were leafing and the soil moisture content was at its highest. If chamber techniques are used to estimate ecosystem level N2O emissions from forest soils, placement of the chambers should be considered carefully to cover the spatial variability in the soil N2O emissions. The EC technique, applied in this study, is a promising alternative tool to measure ecosystem level N2O fluxes in forest ecosystems. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that the EC technique can be used to measure N2O fluxes in the trunk-space of a forest.

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