Ejection of Flammable Liquids During Loading and Unloading: A Preliminary Experimental Investigation

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. Hetrick ◽  
Delmar (Trey) Morrison ◽  
Juan C. Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Static Electricity ◽  
Flammable Liquid ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
Guidance Documents ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
Vapor Space

Flammable liquids in industrial settings, e.g., the shop floor or laboratory, may sometimes be transferred or handled in small containers. Pouring a flammable liquid from one container into another presents a hazard potential for static electric discharge and subsequent ignition of the flammable liquid vapors. This phenomenon is well-known and industry guidance documents are available. This risk is usually mitigated with appropriate safeguards against the generation of static electricity or other potential ignition sources. In the instances where an ignition source is present, ignition of the flammable vapors accompanying the liquid pour or in the headspace of the container may occur. If the flammable vapor space above the liquid surface is ignited, the ensuing overpressure and fluid conditions may be sufficient to eject some of the liquid from the container. Flammable liquid ejection can potentially result in the projection or transport of fire over large distances with severe consequences. In this study, we perform a series of bench scale experiments. We aim to determine and investigate the factors influencing the ejection of flammable liquids during loading and unloading of small containers. Developing a better understanding of the parameters governing this phenomenon may allow for the design of engineering safeguards to assist in the prevention of flammable liquid ejection.

scholarly journals Applications of CFD Method to Gas Mixing Analysis in a Large-Scaled Tank

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si Y. Lee ◽  
Richard A. Dimenna
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Evolution Rate ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Gas Mixing ◽  
Recirculation Flow ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Inlet Conditions ◽  
Vapor Space

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique was applied to the estimation of maximum benzene concentration for the vapor space inside a large-scaled and high-level radioactive waste tank at Savannah River site (SRS). The objective of the work was to perform the calculations for the benzene mixing behavior in the vapor space of Tank 48 and its impact on the local concentration of benzene. The calculations were used to evaluate the degree to which purge air mixes with benzene evolving from the liquid surface and its ability to prevent an unacceptable concentration of benzene from forming. The analysis was focused on changing the tank operating conditions to establish internal recirculation and changing the benzene evolution rate from the liquid surface. The model used a three-dimensional momentum coupled with multi-species transport. The calculations included potential operating conditions for air inlet and exhaust flows, recirculation flow rate, and benzene evolution rate with prototypic tank geometry. The flow conditions are assumed to be fully turbulent since Reynolds numbers for typical operating conditions are in the range of 20,000 to 70,000 based on the inlet conditions of the air purge system. A standard two-equation turbulence model was used. The modeling results for the typical gas mixing problems available in the literature were compared and verified through comparisons with the test results. The benchmarking results showed that the predictions are in good agreement with the analytical solutions and literature data. Additional sensitivity calculations included a reduced benzene evolution rate, reduced air inlet and exhaust flow, and forced internal recirculation. The modeling results showed that the vapor space was fairly well mixed and that benzene concentrations were relatively low when forced recirculation and 72 cfm ventilation air through the tank boundary were imposed. For the same 72 cfm air inlet flow but without forced recirculation, the heavier benzene gas was stratified. The results demonstrated that benzene concentrations were relatively low for typical operating configurations and conditions. Detailed results and the cases considered in the calculations will be discussed here.

Effect of the ageing on the dissipative properties of getinacks subjected to repeated static loading

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-596
Author(s):  
Valesyan Shant
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Temperature Field ◽  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Hysteresis Loop ◽  
Static Loading ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Loading And Unloading

The effect of ageing on the dissipative properties of getinacks subjected to repeated static loading has been investigated. Specimens were tested at the age of 1, 4, and 8 years. The approximation of experimental data is done, and the energy of dissipation is calculated. Based on the investigation of getinacks manufactured by the technology of regulated thermo-pressing, this technology can be recommended for the manufacturing of appropriate products.The results of experimental investigation of the effect of temperature field on the dissipative properties of layered getinacks widely applicable in electrical manufacturing, electronics and microelectronics are considered in this paper. The approximation of the experimentally obtained dependences between σ and ε for the loading (→) and unloading (←) parts of the hysteresis loop are calculated and plotted. The factor of energy dissipation is defined. Estimated that the temperature field affects the dissipative properties of the layered getinacks and that effect is depending on the value of applied load cyclically acting on the material.

Experimental investigation of different factors influencing the replacement efficiency of CO2 for methane hydrate

2018 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Chen ◽  
Yonghai Gao ◽  
Yipeng Zhao ◽  
Litao Chen ◽  
Changyin Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Factors Influencing

The spread of flame across a liquid surface II. Steady-state conditions

1968 ◽  
Vol 308 (1492) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
The One ◽  
Qualitative Picture

The one-dimensional spread of flame along the surface of flammable liquids confined in a parallel-sided channel has been studied and the effects of physical dimensions and initial temperature upon its rate established. When the initial temperature of the liquid is below the closed flash point, flame spread depends upon the transfer of heat to the liquid sufficient to raise its surface temperature to the flash-point value and a qualitative picture of the mechanism by which this takes place is developed. When the initial temperature is above the flash point, flame spread is dependent upon conditions in the gas phase above the liquid and these are defined.

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