Development of Learning Devices Using Creative Problem Solving (CPS) Models on Static Electricity Material

The learning tools developed are science learning tools using creative problem solving models on static electricity material in the ninth grade of junior high school, in the form of lesson plans, student worksheet and test instruments. The purpose of this research is to produce science learning products with creative problem solving models that are valid and suitable for use in school. The data analysis technique in this study used descriptive analysis, by calculating the validation score for each assessment indicator. The results showed that the value of the validity of science learning tools using creative problem solving models was declared valid with an overall average score of 4.44 very valid categories. Likewise, the empirical validity of the test instrument obtained valid results for each item and was reliable at a value of 0.844 in the high category

Scientific Literacy Ability of Junior High School Students on Static Electricity and Electricity in Living Things

Junior high school students need to have good scientific literacy skills to have sufficient competence to compete in the current and future era of information and globalization. Science is basic knowledge covering products, processes, and applications. One of the science materials is static electricity and electricity in living things. This study aimed to determine the literacy profile of junior high school students on static electricity and electricity in living things. The subjects of this study were junior high school students. This research uses a descriptive research method. Data collection instruments consist of scientific literacy instruments. The results showed that junior high school students’ average scientific literacy ability on static electricity and electricity in living things, in general, was low criteria. The achievement of scientific literacy ability in the first indicator to explain scientific phenomena obtained a score of 28.76% higher when compared to the second indicator evaluating and designing scientific investigations to obtain a score of 15.73%, while the third indicator to interpret data and scientific evidence obtained the lowest average score. of 10.13%. In general, the criteria for scientific literacy in all indicators are very low.

Problems of Recording the State of Lightning Protection Systems and Protection from Static Electricity when Assessing the Fire Risk Magnitude at Production Facilities

In paragraph 10 of Chapter 2 of the Methodology for determining the calculated values of fire risk at the production facilities, the list of the most likely events that may be the causes of fire-hazardous situations is presented. This list contains the phrase «the appearance of ignition sources in the places of formation of combustible gas-air mixtures». There are no more specific mentions about the probability of a fire from static electricity discharges and lightning strikes, as well as any other sources. This situation, at first glance, does not pose any problem, since it is assumed that the specialist performing the calculation will have to consider the likelihood of ignition sources appearing in places of the formation of combustible gas-air mixtures, which, obviously, will include both a lightning strike and its secondary manifestations, as well as a discharge of static electricity. However, lightning protection is not a part of the technological process of a production facility, but only ensures its safety. Also, lightning protection may not provide protection for an object with an explosive and fire hazardous technological process (for example, it does not correspond in parameters) or be absent altogether, which in practice will not in any way affect the procedure for calculating fire risk according to the specified methodology, in which the presence (absence) of a lightning protection system is not considered in any way. At the same time, fire statistics indicate the large number of fires from lightning and from discharges of static electricity. The 1st place in the world among large countries in the number of people killed in fires is an important indicator testifying the need for systemic changes in the approach to ensuring fire safety in Russia. Nowadays, it is often easier for an owner or tenant to obtain a document on the safety of an object than to ensure this safety in real practice. This cannot be achieved only by control — it is required to motivate all the participants for safety (for example, through compulsory insurance), which would become profitable to ensure fire safety.

Ensuring Electrostatic Spark Safety for the Use of Fiberglass in the Process Pipelines, Apparatus, and Equipment

The number of the insulating materials, including fiberglass products, are widely used in the construction, industry, oil and gas facilities, agro-industrial complex, transport, and defense. When using fiberglass, like some other insulating materials, it is possible to encounter their destruction and perforation, followed by a transition to the source of double-sided corona effect. Sliding spark discharges of static electricity, capable of igniting a combustible or explosive environment, are also likely to occur. The formation of such discharges depends primarily on the electrostatic and electrical strength properties of the used materials. These parameters should be used when assessing the most dangerous consequences of the fiberglass application in the process pipelines, apparatus, and equipment under the conditions of electrification processes. Comparison of the electrostatic and electrical strength properties of the corona-forming air layer in the electrization processes with the similar indicators of non-conductive structural materials is the main criterion that determines the possibility of their perforation and the occurrence of spontaneous sliding spark discharges. Electrostatic intrinsic safety should be ensured by eliminating static electricity discharges that are capable to become the flammable substances source of ignition (materials, mixtures, products). Sliding sparks can be eliminated by managing the electrostatic load. But at the same time, the hazard of ignition by discharges would remain if they could occur. When replacing the metal element (the wall of an apparatus or vessel) electrified by a liquid (technological medium), a product made of an insulating material, including fiberglass, with similar geometric, technical, and operational parameters, it is possible to maintain the efficient protection of the metal structure by means of its grounding.